— Song Shiqiang, SlkorDuring the development of Huaqiangbei, "Shanzhai phones" became a topic that could not be ignored. In 2007 alone, the shipment volume of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones reached 150 million units, accounting for one-sixth of the world’s total mobile phone production that year. The rise and fall of Shanzhai phones happened rapidly. It created many millionaires from the tiny "one-meter counters" in Huaqiangbei, but it also led to tragic stories, such as the bankruptcy and mental breakdown of "Prince of Shanzhai Phones," Chen Jinling.The Shanzhai phone phenomenon also had a positive side. It helped promote Huaqiangbei’s maker culture, turning Shenzhen into a "Silicon Valley of Hardware" and a "Paradise for Entrepreneurship." It also gave birth to local mobile phone brands such as Meizu, G5, Longcheer, and Transsion. In many ways, it became the foundation of the "Huaqiangbei maker spirit" and the "Shenzhen entrepreneurial spirit."However, the Shanzhai phone industry was also in conflict with the government’s push for intellectual property protection, patent awareness, and brand development at that time. As a result, it stood at the crossroads of market growth, technological innovation, government regulation, economic development, business ethics, and legal construction. Conflicts and failures became almost unavoidable, which is why official media and many economists rarely discussed Huaqiangbei’s Shanzhai phone.Authoritative media and professional institutions, including Harvard Business Review, have studied the cases of MediaTek and the white box handset market using various business analysis models. These include SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, PESTEL analysis, VRIO analysis, value chain analysis, BCG matrix analysis, Ansoff matrix analysis, and marketing mix analysis.As a long-time witness to Huaqiangbei, I, Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor, aim to objectively and truthfully record what I saw and experienced, restoring the real history of Huaqiangbei during that era. By applying basic theories of socioeconomics, I also hope to systematically analyze the deeper logic behind the "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone" phenomenon and pay tribute to an era filled with opportunity and rapid economic growth. Shanzai! MediaTek and the White Box Handset Market Case Study Solution Analysis Following the previous article by Mr. Song of Slkor, Research on Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones (Part Ⅰ), this section continues the discussion on the origin of "Shanzhai," the technological evolution of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones, and the two major boom periods of the industry.Ⅳ. The Wealth Miracle of HuaqiangbeiHuaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District, Shenzhen, possessed all the favorable conditions for the concentration of wealth and the creation of a large number of millionaires and billionaires — the perfect combination of "timing, location, and people."At the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up, the world was experiencing the third major global industrial transfer, during which manufacturing of industrial products shifted from Europe, the United States, and the Four Asian Tigers to China. This was the "right timing." Shenzhen, as one of China’s first four Special Economic Zones, enjoyed independent legislative authority, highly flexible policies, and a strategic geographic position adjacent to Hong Kong — the "Pearl of the Orient" — while also being close to Southeast Asia, home to many overseas Chinese business communities. This was the "right location." Meanwhile, large numbers of migrant workers from across China poured into Shenzhen. They had received basic education, were hardworking and disciplined, and accepted relatively low wages and benefits, resulting in low labor costs. This was the "right people."Huaqiangbei was famous for its "three abundances" — people, goods, and money. At its peak, Huaqiangbei was home to over 60,000 small and medium-sized enterprises and 40,000 self-employed businesses, with approximately 500,000 daily workers and merchants. During holidays, visitor traffic exceeded 800,000 people, and shoppers often had to queue just to enter malls such as Vanguard Department Store and Women’s World.Annual transaction volume in Huaqiangbei surpassed RMB 300 billion. Transfer fees for just one meter of counter space could reach RMB 300,000, while prime retail properties in SEG Plaza sold for as much as RMB 300,000 per square meter. Although Vanguard Department Store had a business area of only 3,000 square meters, its daily revenue once reached RMB 3 million, making it one of the world’s highest-performing retail spaces in terms of sales per square meter. Over the course of 30 years, Huaqiangbei’s economic output surged from less than RMB 2 billion to RMB 300 billion, transforming the former "Shangbu Industrial Zone" into "China’s No.1 Electronics Street." The GDP of Huaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District eventually rivaled that of Yuehai Subdistrict in Nanshan District, one of Shenzhen’s most renowned economic hubs. Mr. Song of Slkor Summarizes the Wealth Phenomenon of Shenzhen Huaqiangbei Mr. Cheng Yimu from the Shenzhen Electronics Chamber of Commerce is one of the witnesses to the history of Huaqiangbei. According to him, Huaqiangbei was originally the center of Shenzhen’s electronic information industry. At that time, the Shangbu Industrial Zone, where Huaqiangbei is located, gathered many famous electronics factories and government-affiliated institutions, including Huaqiang Sanyo TV, SED Philips, Jinghua Electronics, SEG Hitachi, and Huaqiang Electronics Factory.After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), mainland China rapidly became the "world’s factory." The electronics and information industry experienced explosive growth, and driven by giants such as SEG and Huaqiang, Huaqiangbei quickly rose to become "China’s No.1 Electronics Street."At the same time, in areas beyond the reach of strict government regulation, the power of the gray market also created economic miracles. The Shanzhai phone supply chain quietly developed across the Pearl River Delta before eventually evolving in Huaqiangbei into a powerful industry force. Many outsiders who came to Huaqiangbei to make a living were willing to challenge old rules and embrace disruptive innovation.The rise of Huaqiangbei’s free-market ecosystem was essentially a process of optimizing resources and driving industrial innovation. Some small business owners operating from tiny "one-meter counters" gradually became known as the first "Huaqiangbei makers." The district’s unique business model and profit-sharing culture encouraged ambitious newcomers to experiment, compete, and innovate. In an environment where "anything not forbidden could be tried," Huaqiangbei created its own era of glory.Many people also grew stronger through repeated failures and fierce business competition, eventually becoming well-known entrepreneurs. This is the "Huaqiangbei culture" summarized by Mr. Song of Slkor and Kinghelm — a culture defined by innovation, risk-taking, resilience, and pragmatism. Huaqiangbei Was Originally a Hub for the Electronics and Information Industry — Photo Provided by Cheng Yimu Media strategist Wang Zhigang once said, "God releases the devil, but the devil creates paradise." This reflects the sociological theory of "unintended consequences," where an original intention A eventually leads to a completely different result B within a complex and changing social environment.A well-known example is Sildenafil. It was originally developed to treat high blood pressure and angina, but later became famous for treating erectile dysfunction and improving kidney health in traditional Chinese understanding. This theory can also help explain the wealth miracle created by the Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone industry.Now, I cannot resist giving everyone another serious-but-funny lesson about the Chinese habit of "supplementing" health. Chinese people seem to love "boosting" everything. Men focus on strengthening the kidneys, women focus on nourishing the blood, and many households keep traditional medicines like Liuwei Dihuang Pills and Wuji Baifeng Pills in their drawers. Water cups are often filled with goji berries, red dates, or cassia seeds.Children need extra tutoring, programmers need extra sleep, and elderly people hurry to supermarkets every day to stock up on free eggs for the fridge. It feels as if, without some kind of "supplement," people become mentally uneasy and physically weak. Back in the peak years of China’s mobile phone industry, aside from the "Zhonghua Kuolian" group — ZTE, Huawei, Coolpad, and Lenovo — almost every other company had a complicated and inseparable connection with the Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone.ODM companies such as Huaqin, Longcheer, Huiye, Wingtech, Yude, HEDY, Haipai, and Tinno built massive businesses during that era, and the founders behind them largely became billionaires. Mobile phone brands including Gionee, GFive, and Transsion helped figures such as Liu Lirong, Zhang Zhixue, and Zhu Zhaojiang rise to fortunes worth billions or even tens of billions of yuan.Shanghai Moshang, a company that profited from providing "shanzhai phone" solutions, was officially registered in Shanghai, yet its manufacturing base and technical ecosystem were still deeply tied to Huaqiangbei. Design firms such as Artop and Jialantu, specializing in mobile phone exterior styling and structural design, were also located in Huaqiangbei. Beyond them were countless influential figures hidden throughout different nodes of the supply chain, whose wealth stories were all closely connected to Huaqiangbei.I has always believed that among all the industries that created billionaires in Huaqiangbei, the "shanzhai mobile phone" wave operated at the highest capacity. It was this era that made Huaqiangbei famous across China and beyond, elevating it to the pinnacle of wealth creation. In 2012, carrying the modest savings I had accumulated from working in real estate, I returned to Huaqiangbei to seek new opportunities. At that time, Huaqiangbei was bursting with energy. During holidays, the main streets were packed shoulder to shoulder with crowds. Psy’s Korean hit "Gangnam Style" echoed through the streets and alleys, while advertisements for "Being a Woman Feels Great" shapewear underwear covered the walls. After enjoying Damu Chaoshan beef hotpot, many shop owners would head to "Cool Party KTV" for karaoke, and once the mood peaked, everyone would start dancing Psy’s famous "horse-riding dance."In order to break into Huaqiangbei’s high-end business circles, I often dressed like a polished gentleman, pretending to be a wealthy and cultured successful entrepreneur. I drove around in my third-hand BMW, with expired bottles of Moutai stored in the trunk, while enthusiastically explaining theories such as the "Kondratiev Cycle" and the "Fibonacci Golden Curve" to Huaqiangbei’s businesswomen. I even added the ancient business wisdom of Fan Li — "measuring surplus and shortage, distinguishing righteousness from profit" — as a finishing touch. People began to feel that Huaqiangbei still had its share of intellectuals.At first, the Huaqiangbei businesswomen remained cautious, suspecting that I was selling training courses, insurance, direct sales products, or cosmetic surgery services. But by discussing topics such as the characteristics of the integrated circuit industry, large-scale manufacturing, supply chain structures, geopolitical influences, and Huaqiangbei’s role as both an "inventory reservoir" and a critical intersection between production and sales, I gradually summarized several principles for rapidly building wealth in Huaqiangbei. Over time, they began to trust me.One businesswoman followed my theoretical model, made a fortune through electronic component trading, and bought herself a Bentley. She later gave me a Bentley car model as a gift — to clarify, it was a miniature Bentley model car, not a female Bentley sales representative, so don’t get the wrong idea. At that moment, I quietly realized to myself: coming back to Huaqiangbei this time had absolutely been the right decision. Huaqiangbei has hosted several waves of wealth creation, where even the "one-meter counter" shop owners’ wives caught a glimpse of its fortune trajectory. In the 1980s, it was imported electronic "junk"; in the 1990s, MP3s, MP4s, and computer assembly; today, 3C digital products and trendy electronic gadgets. Recent years have seen shortages of capacitors, resistors, MOSFETs, and memory chips; high demand for brands like Texas Instruments (TI), Silans, and STMicroelectronics; and disruptions from events such as the Thailand floods, the Japan earthquake, and the US-China tariff conflicts — all of which helped Huaqiangbei’s bosses and their wives make substantial profits.After striking their first pot of gold in Huaqiangbei, these entrepreneurs continued to grow and strengthen their businesses. Figures such as Wang Li of Haon Optics, Gao Yunfeng of Han’s Laser, Chen Zhilie of EVOC Intelligent, Cai Huabo of Jiangbolong, Song Shiqiang of Kinghelm and Slkor, Wang Laobao of Interling, and Chen Haisheng of Meilong, have all carved out distinct positions in their respective industries. They grew strong through hands-on experience in Huaqiangbei, driven by its culture of boldness, innovation, resilience, and pragmatism. "Shanzhai Manufacturing and Maker Entrepreneurs" Ⅴ. Huaqiangbei Mobile Phone Specialized MarketsThe commercial landscape of Huaqiangbei is primarily composed of three major sectors: daily consumer shopping areas, the "Electronics Street," and specialized markets. Department stores and shopping malls such as Maoye, Rainbow, Dreams-on, and 9square serve consumers within a half-hour living radius. The "Electronics Street" is centered around Huaqiang Electronics Market, SEG Plaza, New Asia, and Metropolis Electronics City. Specialized markets cover sectors like foreign trade clothing, watches, security products, computer malls, telecommunications, and gifts, with over 50 markets exceeding 50,000 square meters at their peak.It is said that Pony Ma initially assembled computers in Huaqiangbei before founding Tencent, and Huang Zhang of Meizu once sold MP3 players there. At the time, Huaqiangbei had several major markets for mobile phones and peripheral products: Yuanwang Digital City on Huaqiang Road, Mingtong Mobile Accessories Market on Huafa North Road, and Tongtiandi, Longsheng, and Feiyang Times Markets in the podium floors (1–3) of Huaken Building on the south side of Shennan Road, which were relatively smaller in scale. Huaqiangbei’s "shop in front, factory in back" model brought together manufacturers of small household appliances and 3C digital products from across the country, alongside nationwide and global sales channels. This convergence of supply chain and distribution networks forms a key hub and is the core competitive strength of Huaqiangbei At that time, the first to third floors of Yuanwang Digital City in Huaqiangbei were almost entirely filled with stalls selling shanzhai mobile phones. Today, only a few counters remain tucked away in the corners of the second and third floors, but many of the old trading practices are still preserved. Typically, on the glass countertop of a one-meter-wide stall, there would be one or two laminated A4 sheets listing available phone models, specifications, and prices. Deals were negotiated directly at the counter, while bulk deliveries would be arranged at separate locations to ensure security.Yuanwang Digital City mainly sold smuggled Hong Kong-version and U.S.-version phones, as well as refurbished devices. The refurbished brands were primarily Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, and other major international brands. Meanwhile, markets such as Mingtong Mobile Market, Tongtiandi Market, Longsheng Mobile Market, and Feiyang Times Market mainly specialized in shanzhai phones.In Huaqiangbei, almost every type of refurbished phone could be found. Naturally, all device identification codes had already been altered. Matching phone motherboards and compatible software were also readily available. Once the casing and cover panels were assembled, technicians would flash the software onto the device, perform a quick functional test, and the phone was ready for sale. Add a leather case and a few accessories, and the product could immediately be pushed into the market in large quantities. Shanzhai Mobile Phone Counters in Huaqiangbei Behind every counter stood a gray-market supply chain. For example, since mobile phones in Hong Kong were often cheaper than those in Huaqiangbei, they were smuggled into Shenzhen through various channels. Along Shatoujiao’s Chung Ying Street — with one side belonging to Hong Kong and the other to Shenzhen — smugglers on the Hong Kong side would hide flip phones inside the inner tubes of off-road bicycles. The bicycles would then be ridden across into Shenzhen, where the phones could be delivered to Huaqiangbei and sold for profit. A 26-inch bicycle inner tube could conceal up to 25 mobile phones.Refurbished phone motherboards for brands such as Nokia were collected from developed countries and secretly transported into China through various channels. Meanwhile, the domestic supply chain already had complete support for phone casings, numeric keypads, and related accessories.Of course, some counters and merchants specialized in spare parts for feature phones and 3C digital products, while others focused on repairs and after-sales service. I remember that the after-sales repair centers for ZTE phones and Philips phones were located in SEG Science & Technology Park and the Modern Window Building respectively. Slkor ISO9001 Quality System & ISO14001 Environmental System Certification The business conducted through Huaqiangbei’s "one-meter counters" was supported by a massive sales network behind the scenes. There were distribution and agency channels reaching across mainland China, as well as international trading networks built over many years. One unique phenomenon was the "Huaqiangbei backpackers" — buyers from all over the world carrying backpacks as they came to Huaqiangbei for sourcing, purchasing, or bulk procurement. According to unofficial statistics, during its peak period, as many as 7,000 foreign visitors came to Huaqiangbei every day to purchase goods, inspect products, or place wholesale orders.Large quantities of shanzhai phones and other 3C digital products from Huaqiangbei were continuously exported to countries and regions such as India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Africa, and South America. This extensive sales network, in turn, drove the growth of a complete industrial chain behind Huaqiangbei’s 3C digital products, including repair services, upgrades, accessories, and related support industries. Products such as Bluetooth earphones, mobile phone leather cases, screen protectors, and refurbished laptops became increasingly comprehensive, while constant upgrades and iterations kept the market aligned with the latest trends.In the early days, the production cost of a Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone was around 700 to 800 RMB per unit, while the selling price could exceed 1,000 RMB. With larger production volumes, costs dropped further and profits became even more substantial. Around 2012, however, high-end smartphones led by Apple and Samsung emerged, and Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone supply chain struggled to keep pace technologically. Many companies could only barely survive.Then came Xiaomi, founded by Lei Jun, with the Redmi smartphone launching at a shockingly low price of 799 RMB. It rapidly captured most of the market previously occupied by Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phones, dealing the industry a devastating blow and effectively sending it into the ICU. Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone businesses were left with only a few choices: move elsewhere, upgrade and transform themselves, or be completely swept away by the tide of the market. Ⅵ. The Gray Ecosystem of "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones"Huaqiangbei has always carried a kind of inherited "Shanzhai DNA." In its early days, the SEG Electronics Market mainly sold assembled computers and peripheral products, and a very high proportion of components were either Shanzhai (third-party) or refurbished parts. People in the industry even had a specific name for Shanzhai computers—they called them "compatible machines."It is said that the founder of the Hedy computer brand started his business by selling these compatible machines in Huaqiangbei. The founder of Hasee Computer, Wu Haijun, also reportedly began by trading hard drives in the same area. At that time, the Shanzhai computer market mainly revolved around refurbished motherboards from brands like GIGABYTE, Acer, and ASUS, along with second-hand memory modules from Samsung and Kingston, and hard drives from Seagate. These low-cost but functional combinations made the business extremely active and gradually formed a gray ecosystem centered in Huaqiangbei and spreading across the Pearl River Delta.In the early stage of Shanzhai mobile phones, peripheral industries were still relatively limited. However, with the rise of smartphones, the ecosystem quickly expanded. Early smartphones such as iPhones were fragile and had weak battery life, which directly led to the rapid growth of supporting industries like protective cases and power banks. At the same time, companies developing charging chips and related components also emerged.As smartphones became more powerful and mobile applications (apps) exploded in popularity, the peripheral product ecosystem continued to expand. A complete commercial loop formed around accessories such as charging cables, phone straps, and decorative items, and these booths became extremely profitable.In 2013, while I was running a Hong Kong-style tea restaurant near Foxconn in Longhua—trying to scale Hong Kong-style milk tea using a McDonald’s-style chain model across China—I noticed that some Foxconn employees were quietly involved in unusual activities.Their operation model was roughly like this: during night shifts, employees involved in pilot production would secretly take out prototype Apple devices. Accomplices waiting outside would collect them, quickly pass them to nearby manufacturers for molding, duplication, and parameter replication, and then return the samples before the morning shift change. Because of this, within just a few days of a new iPhone launch, Huaqiangbei could already produce Shanzhai versions of the same model, along with a complete set of matching accessories.Core components such as Shanzhai phone motherboards, due to their high value and higher risk, were traded in a much more hidden and mobile manner. Behind this chain, there was often a key "underworld big boss" who acted as an intermediary, organizing relationships, controlling resources, and stabilizing prices to protect profit margins while also ensuring the safety of participants. Each link in the chain typically maintained single-line contact to reduce exposure.These motherboards were often transported in vans such as JAC or Jinbei minibuses, which would continuously circulate around major Huaqiangbei mobile phone markets. Transactions would be finalized inside the vehicle or after the vehicle stopped nearby once a deal was agreed.A friend who ran an SMT assembly factory once told me that at the peak of the Shanzhai phone era, each motherboard he processed generated a net profit of about 15 RMB. His factory could produce around 10,000 units per day, bringing in about 150,000 RMB daily. When the cash was collected, he felt an almost overwhelming sense of achievement, like becoming the pride of his hometown. This situation lasted for several months. Later, as money accumulated too quickly, he even began to worry about whether he could "hold onto it," and eventually considered withdrawing from the industry entirely. In the Chinese TV drama The Knockout, Gao Qiqiang says, "The bigger the storm, the more expensive the fish." The same was true for the shanzhai phone industry centered around Huaqiangbei’s supply chain ecosystem. Those who entered early and timed the market correctly became wealthy, creating countless millionaires and billionaires. Others, however, suffered devastating failures — some lost both their businesses and families, like Chen Jinling; some were framed or sabotaged by rivals and ended up in prison "working the sewing machines," like a certain mobile phone tycoon surnamed Zhang who had once come from ZTE.As more and more people flooded into the industry chasing profits, the methods became increasingly ruthless, and the reality grew harsher. There were even stories of buyers hiring gangsters armed with knives and guns to seize shipments of certain motherboard models at the Feiyang Shidai Market in order to monopolize supply. Meanwhile, the former SMT factory owner mentioned earlier now spends his time posting photos on WeChat Moments of fishing trips, sunshine, and outings with his young girlfriend.Behind Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone industry stood not only underground players, but also major mainstream technology companies. Around 2006, MediaTek and Spreadtrum Communications introduced turnkey solutions for shanzhai mobile phones in Huaqiangbei. At the same time, suppliers such as GalaxyCore with its CMOS image sensors, RDA Microelectronics with the RDA5800 chip integrating RF and digital processing functions, along with Telegent Systems and FocalTech, all shipped products in massive volumes through Huaqiangbei.In 2013, Maxscend developed a low-power GPS LNA solution that was first tested and validated in several shanzhai smartphones in Huaqiangbei before eventually entering Samsung’s official supply chain. In many ways, Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai ecosystem also helped nurture and accelerate the growth of China’s electronics industry.Of course, not everyone involved in the shanzhai phone business made money. The owner of Hongfu Chaoshan Restaurant on Huaqiang South Road sold his restaurant and invested everything into the declining shanzhai phone market, only to lose it all in the end. I still remember the excellent taste of their braised beef brisket hotpot with tofu skin, and the owner’s warm smile as he handed me cigarettes.Chen Jinling, once nicknamed the "Prince of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones," attempted to monopolize a best-selling phone model by stockpiling huge amounts of inventory. After his cash flow collapsed, his family fell apart and his mental state deteriorated. Today, he is often seen wandering aimlessly around Huaqiangbei.Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor will soon release Research on Huaqiangbei "Shanzhai Phones" (Part Ⅲ) — stay tuned! Slkor Hall Sensor SL1613SH for Industrial and Consumer Electronics Author IntroductionMr. Song is a popular science lecturer of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, a member of the Electronic Information Expert Database of the China Association for Science and Technology, a science columnist, and a well-known researcher of Huaqiangbei’s commercial ecosystem.The companies he invests in and operates include Shenzhen Slkor Semiconductor Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Kinghelm Electronics Co., Ltd.. The brands "SLKORSLKOR" merek. Dheweke kalebu wong pisanan sing kanthi sistematis netepake lan promosi konsep "Semangat Huaqiangbei" lan "Budaya Huaqiangbei." Minangka sarjana budaya, dhèwèké ngatur praktik kewirausahaan spontan Huaqiangbei dadi kerangka teoretis sing terstruktur. Dhèwèké nyaring inti budaya dadi patang nilai kunci: wani njupuk risiko, inovasi, ketangguhan, lan pragmatisme. Dhèwèké uga ngringkes jalur peningkatan industri Huaqiangbei minangka "imitasi — perbaikan — inovasi," lan ngusulake manawa saben "counter siji meter" ing Huaqiangbei sejatine minangka "unit inovasi," sing makili ekspresi mikro saka semangat kewirausahaan. Kanthi ngerteni ajine pedagang cilik lan mikro minangka "kapiler" aktif sistem ekonomi, dheweke mbantu ngrangsang vitalitas inovasi saka kabeh ekosistem. Kajaba iku, dheweke ngusulake logika kaslametan Huaqiangbei: "aset entheng, iterasi cepet, konversi dhuwur, lan operasi sing didorong informasi," lan kanthi kreatif ngenalake teori Huaqiangbei minangka "waduk rantai pasokan." Teori iki njelasake kepiye Huaqiangbei nggunakake inventaris minangka penyangga kanggo ngatur kapasitas produksi hulu, cocogake pasokan lan permintaan kanthi efisien, lan nyuda risiko industri sistemik. Ide iki wis dadi salah sawijining kerangka dhasar kanggo nyinaoni perkembangan industri elektronik China sing cepet sawise reformasi lan keterbukaan. Ing sangisore kepemimpinane, Kinghelm Electronics wis melu banget ing teknologi antena navigasi Beidou/GPS, nyumbang kanggo pangembangan sistem navigasi lan posisi independen China. Slkor Semiconductor fokus ing piranti daya silikon karbida, kanthi cepet berkembang ing bidang-bidang kayata kendaraan energi anyar lan fotovoltaik. Bebarengan, loro merek iki nglayani luwih saka 30,000 pelanggan ing saindenging jagad lan wis dadi simbol perwakilan saka manufaktur cerdas Tiongkok sing bakal mendunia. Kajaba iku, situs web resmi Kinghelm lan Slkor ing Tiongkok lan Inggris wis ngluncurake kolom "Wawancara 100 Pengusaha Luar Biasa ing Industri Manufaktur Elektronik," promosi merek semikonduktor lan komponen elektronik Tiongkok menyang pasar global lan nyengkuyung perusahaan asal Huaqiangbei kanggo melu kompetisi internasional. Manajer Umum Bp. Song Ditunjuk dadi Dosen ing Kelompok Pakar Institut Elektronika Tiongkok Bapak. Song iku dosen popularisasi sains ing babagan informasi elektronik lan uga penulis kolumnis ing industri iki. Liwat macem-macem platform online, dhèwèké nerbitaké artikel sing nampilake crita transformasi lan peningkatan Huaqiangbei marang pamirsa global. Karya riseté babagan Huaqiangbei, kalebu "Riset babagan Huaqiangbei," "Transformasi lan Pengembangan Huaqiangbei," lan "Nyegah Laporan Bloomberg babagan Huaqiangbei," wis diterbitake maneh sacara wiyar déning platform media utama kayata aplikasi People's Daily Online, Xinhua News Agency, Associated Press, lan Yahoo News. Liwat publikasi kasebut, Huaqiangbei wis kasil diowahi saka stereotip sadurungé minangka "pusat distribusi Shanzhai" dadi identitas anyar minangka "sumber inovasi perangkat keras global." Mr. Song wis nduwé peran aktif minangka narator lan komunikator internasional babagan citra Huaqiangbei, sing nyumbang kanggo ningkatake reputasi lan pangenalan global.

Gao Feng nduwèni gelar sarjana ing semikonduktor saka Universitas Tsinghua lan gelar master ing mikroelektronika saka Institut Mikroelektronika China. Wiwit lulus 30 taun kepungkur, dhèwèké wis kerja ing industri semikonduktor. Dhèwèké wis kerja ing Laboratorium Mikroelektronika Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan China, Chartered Semiconductor, TSMC America, PDF Solutions, Huahong NEC, Intergreen Chip. Ing taun 2017, aku gabung karo Shixi Capital kanggo investasi transformasi. Mitra modal. Kita melu luwih saka 40 proyèk investasi sing nyakup kabèh rantai industri semikonduktor, saka IP, EDA, bahan nganti desain, kemasan lan pengujian.

Penafian: Artikel iki direproduksi saka "Internet". Artikel iki mung makili panemu pribadi penulis, dudu panemu Sacco Micro lan industri. Artikel iki mung kanggo dicithak ulang lan dienggo bareng kanggo ndhukung perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual. Mangga sebutna sumber asli lan penulis nalika dicithak ulang. Yen ana pelanggaran, hubungi kita kanggo mbusak.

Makalah iki minangka refleksi babagan mode perusahaan chip sawise penulis nulis Core Road karo Guo Qihang. Babagan menika kaperang dados gangsal inggih menika: (1) “Bapak lan Putra”, ngrembag babagan IDM saha Foundry/Fabless. (2) “Saiki simbah wis mrene”, guneman IDMP. (3) "Bapak Bully", ngomong babagan IDM. (4) "Putra sing sregep" nyritakake babagan model Foundry/Fabless. (4) "Wong Tionghoa kabeh pengin dadi bapak, nanging anak lanang iku masa depan", yaiku sawetara pandangan pribadi babagan semangat perusahaan desain domestik kanggo nindakake IDM ing jalur produksi utawa IDM entheng. Sadurunge 1987, umume industri sirkuit terpadu ing donya ana ing mode IDM, yaiku, telung proses desain chip, produksi lan pengujian lan kemasan rampung ing perusahaan kasebut. Intel, Samsung, Hynix lan Micron minangka perwakilan perusahaan IDM. Saliyané kanggo nyukupi kabutuhané dhéwé, kapasitas produksi chip raksasa Intel IDM sok-sok nyedhiyakaké layanan pangolahan lan manufaktur chip sing sithik menyang njaba minangka usaha sampingan. Ing wektu iku, durung ana layanan OEM profesional ing pasar. Putra. Ing taun 1987, kanthi deepening industrialisasi produk lan nambah spesialisasi divisi sosial tenaga kerja, model Foundry-Fabless diturunake saka model IDM. TSMC ing Provinsi Taiwan ngedegaké perusahaan manufaktur chip OEM murni pisanan ing donya, mbebasaké perusahaan desain chip saka bisnis manufaktur intensif modal lan intensif aset. Perusahaan perwakilan Foundry kalebu TSMC, Grofeld, UTC, SMIC, Hua Hong Group, lan liya-liyane. Fabless kebak bintang, kayata Qualcomm, Broadcom, Nvidia, MediaTek, HiSilicon lan liya-liyane. Eyang kakung isih urip. Ana model lawas, sing diadopsi dening IBM Amerika awal, kekuwatan Eropa tengah lan raksasa Jepang anyar. IDM mung ngintegrasikake desain, manufaktur, pengemasan, lan pengujian. Dibandhingake karo perusahaan IDM sirkuit terpadu kaya Intel ing Amerika Serikat, perusahaan Jepang dudu perusahaan IDM sajrone pangertèn sing ketat. Dheweke luwih maju tinimbang IDM, lan hulu lan hilir luwih raket kaitané. Kita uga bisa nyebutake perusahaan semikonduktor Jepang. Model iki diarani IDMP, ing kene, P nuduhake Produk, yaiku model saka mbah kakung. Nganti taun 1990-an, bisnis semikonduktor Jepang meh kabeh sub-departemen ing sangisore klompok gedhe, lan panjaluke kanggo teknologi semikonduktor lan produk chip asale saka produk terminal grup kasebut dhewe. Iki beda banget karo perusahaan IDM kaya Intel ing Amerika Serikat, sing setya nyukupi syarat teknis lan produk sing paling akeh ing pasar. Pelanggan sadurunge yaiku klompok perusahaan induk dhewe, lan panjaluke stabil, nanging gampang banget ana fluktuasi sing ora bisa ditolak amarga fluktuasi klompok perusahaan induk; Sing terakhir yaiku kabeh pasar, kanthi papan sing amba lan macem-macem tantangan teknis, sing kondusif kanggo ningkatake kinerja produk sing komprehensif. IDMP Jepang, ing tahap awal pangembangan semikonduktor, Jepang entuk kaunggulan tartamtu amarga mode IDMP, utamane prestasi brilian perusahaan Jepang ing pasar terminal kayata peralatan rumah tangga cilik, sing ora langsung nyebabake perkembangan industri semikonduktor Jepang sing cepet, lan nate ngembangake grup terintegrasi elektronik kelas dunia kayata Sony, NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi lan Fujitsu. Kekurangan IDMP uga jelas. Kaping pisanan, departemen semikonduktor klompok gedhe duwe arah penjualan lan arah R&D, kekurangan lingkungan sing kompetitif lan motivasi sing ringkih kanggo inovasi teknologi. Kapindho, departemen semikonduktor gampang dipengaruhi dening departemen terminal grup kasebut. Yen dodolan terminal apik, kinerja departemen semikonduktor bakal apik, lan kosok balene. Jepang nate nguwasani sebagian besar aplikasi industri semikonduktor hilir, kalebu TV, PC, radio, peralatan omah, lsp. Nalika stopkontak ditransfer menyang terminal cerdas seluler kayata ponsel lan tablet, manufaktur terminal ing Jepang saya suda kanthi cepet, nyebabake kekurangan perusahaan Jepang ing antarane enem produsen ponsel paling dhuwur ing donya, sing ora langsung nyebabake nyuda Industri semikonduktor Jepang. Sektor semikonduktor, sing dimanjakan ing klompok gedhe, uga ora duwe motivasi kanggo nggawe inovasi, lan keuntungan saka grup kasebut ora apik, mula dhukungan R&D kanggo sektor semikonduktor dikurangi. Digabungake karo sistem tenaga kerja seumur hidup tradisional ing Jepang, wong enom ngarahake kerja ing pabrik-pabrik gedhe seumur hidup. Angel ndeleng percikan kewirausahaan semikonduktor gaya Silicon Valley ing Amerika Serikat ing njaba klompok gedhe Jepang. "Mode IDMP" dudu ciri nasional Jepang, lan industri semikonduktor ing Eropa duwe pengalaman sing padha. Siemens ing Jerman lan Philips ing Walanda minangka grup informasi elektronik terpadu, lan divisi semikonduktor banget kuwat. Ing taun 1999, Grup Siemens Jerman misahake bisnis semikonduktor lan ngedegake perusahaan anyar, yaiku INFINEON saka Jerman, perusahaan IDM, sing rangking nomer loro ing jagad chip elektronik otomotif saiki. Philips Group saka Walanda misahake bisnis semikonduktor ing taun 2006 lan ngadegake perusahaan anyar, yaiku NXP Company saka Walanda, sing saiki dadi peringkat pertama ing jagad chip elektronik otomotif. Ana tampilan umum sing perusahaan desain bisa nindakake IDM ing baris produksi nalika padha duwe kondisi. Biaya mbukak pabrik chip ing mburi kurang USD 1 milyar, lan yen sampeyan pengin operate ing tingkat operasi UTC utawa Grofond, biaya punika USD 50 milyar. Kepala MediaTek ing Provinsi Taiwan tau komentar: "Yen omzet perusahaan IDM ngluwihi USD 5 milyar, aku percaya dheweke isih bisa njaga pabrik dhewe, nanging yen pabrik ukuran medium kurang saka USD 2 milyar utawa USD 3 milyar, aku kuwatir kudu berkembang dadi perusahaan desain Fabless." Ukara iki uga bisa dingerteni kaya, yen penghasilan taunan perusahaan desain chip murni tekan level $5 milyar, mula mode IDM bisa dianggep minangka kekuatan ekonomi. Pendapatan MediaTek ing taun 2021 nganti $17.4 milyar, ngluwihi ambang ekonomi sing diumumake yaiku bisa mbangun pabrik dhewe kanggo IDM, lan banjur ora nggawe pilihan kasebut. Meh kabeh IDM diadegake sadurunge taun 1990.30 Sajrone pirang-pirang taun, wiwit saiki, ora ana perusahaan desain gedhe sing ngowahi IDM.，Kalebu Qualcomm (pendapatan 26.8 milyar USD ing taun 2021), Broadcom (pendapatan 18.7 milyar USD ing taun 2021), Nvidia (pendapatan 16.2 milyar USD ing taun 2021) lan liya-liyane. Minangka perusahaan IDM sing wis mapan, AMD mbusak kabeh sektor manufaktur chip ing taun 2015, yaiku, saiki Perusahaan Grofeld saka Amerika Serikat, lan mundur saka mode IDM. Kenapa sampeyan ngomong bapak dominan? Rong alesan: Kapisan, dadi IDM mbutuhake dana sing akeh. Peralatan pabrike ora mung duwe investasi sepisan sing dhuwur, nanging uga mbutuhake investasi puluhan milyar saben 2-3 taun, sing dadi beban belanja modal sing abot banget. Malah ing Amerika Serikat sing sugih ibukutha, mung Intel cukup begja kanggo mimpin industri komputer pribadi, kang mbisakake kanggo nandur modal akeh banget ing pangembangan teknologi logika, dadi pimpinan unparalleled ing lapangan iki, lan gumantung ing bathi monopoli kanggo terus-terusan. nandur modal ing pabrik. Dene Micron, perusahaan IDM liyane ing Amerika Serikat, iki uga amarga dumunung ing wilayah sing relatif murah ing Amerika Serikat (Idaho), sing ndadekake bisa urip nalika arus semikonduktor mudhun ing taun 1990-an lan awal 2000-an. Kapindho, perusahaan IDM wis mbangun alangan tembok sing dhuwur banget, lan umume ana ing posisi dominan ing industri kasebut, apa iku Intel kanggo CPU, Texas Instruments kanggo chip analog, Samsung, Hynix lan Micron kanggo chip memori. Lair saka mode Foundry-Fabless wis nyuda ambang desain chip. Sawetara insinyur chip sing berpengalaman bisa mbentuk tim kanggo nglakokake bisnis desain chip, banjur mbayar perusahaan pengecoran chip kanggo diproses lan diprodhuksi, mbentuk produk merek independen. Skala penghasilan perusahaan Fabless uga mundhak, lan padha saingan karo raksasa IDM tradisional. Wong profesional manufaktur Foundry nindakake perkara profesional, konsentrasi kanggo nambah investasi R&D, nambah panggunaan kapasitas, nyuda biaya, lan entuk dhuwit akeh. Miturut data statistik saka taun 2005 nganti 2018, tingkat pertumbuhan perusahaan Foundry lan Fabless ngluwihi Intel, perusahaan IDM utama ing periode sing padha. Fenomena sing menarik yaiku Grofangde, sing dipisahake dening AMD, wis dadi Foundry paling gedhe nomer loro ing donya, lan kinerja operasine ora nyukupi. Wis pirang-pirang taun ngalami kerugian bersih, sing ora bisa dibandhingake karo tingkat keuntungan bersih tahunan TSMC paling gedhe, sing ngluwihi 30%, lan keuntungane malah luwih elek tinimbang SMIC lan Hua Hong Group, sing minangka perusahaan paling gedhe nomer lima lan enem. Iki, sabanjure, nuduhake yen bisnis manufaktur chip ing mode IDM AMD asli pancen ora duwe profesionalisme lan kinerja biaya, lan ora duwe daya saing pasar. Apa iki ngikis ibukutha lawas bisnis desain? Para bapak kabeh pindhah menyang mode putra. Sanajan bapakku dominan, dheweke kadhangkala rumangsa salah. Amarga bapak kudu nutupi kabeh aspek lan ngurus kabeh aspek, nalika saingan karo wong enom, asring ora bisa nindakake ing sawetara aspek. Ing praktik industri semikonduktor, para bapak sing misuwur saya cedhak karo mode putra. Umpamane, AMD ing Amerika Serikat mikir babagan kabeh perkara saka sisih siji menyang sisih liyane, lan nemokake manawa pabrik gedhe kasebut wis mengaruhi investasi sing fokus ing desain. Iku wis misahake pabrik, lan bangkekane wong kuwat sing patah bisa dadi apik maneh. Umpamane, Samsung Electronics wingi wis kasil ngolah papan Foundry saka 100% IDM, lan wis dadi perusahaan pengecoran chip paling gedhe nomer loro ing donya sawise TSMC, lan wis nyetel target "nggawe pengecoran chip dadi nomer siji ing donya ing taun 2030". Umpamane, Texas Instruments, Infineon lan NXP Renesas wingi ora meksa maneh nggunakake 100% IDM, nanging malah nambahake panjaluk tambahan kanggo manufaktur chip menyang TSMC lan perusahaan pengecoran liyane. Intel saiki, contone, nemokake yen peningkatan teknologi manufaktur chip wis ilang saka TSMC enom, lan ragu-ragu sinau AMD. Wong-wong Tionghoa kabeh pengin dadi bapak, nanging anak lanang iku masa depan. Saiki kita bisa ndeleng yen TSMC, Qualcomm, Nvidia, Broadcom, lan liya-liyane. wis milih model "Foundry/Fabless" paling enom, sing kebak semangat lan vitalitas! Intel, Texas Instruments, NXP, Infineon, lan liya-liyane. wis milih kanggo netepi mode IDM, sing wis diwasa lan ajeg! Mung perusahaan semikonduktor Jepang ing saindenging jagad sing tansah netepi mode mbah, lan dheweke wis tuwa lan pikun! Ora nganti Divisi Semikonduktor Mitsubishi Electric, Divisi Semikonduktor Hitachi, lan NEC Electronics ngalami operasi sing angel, dheweke misah saka kantor pusat masing-masing lan diatur ulang dadi Renesas Electronics, semikonduktor Jepang sebagian mlebu mode IDM saka mode IDMP. Praktek China beda. Pandangan umum yaiku China ngadhepi blokade teknologi tinggi saka Amerika Serikat lan malah kabeh jagad kulon, lan bakal ngadhepi risiko gedhe saka perusahaan pengecoran chip luar negeri sing ora gelem ngontrak dheweke. Mulane, perusahaan desain kudu ngowahi IDM. Mulane, ing taun-taun pungkasan, Hangzhou Shilanwei, Wuxi Huarunwei, BYD Semiconductor, Gekewei, Wentai lan Zhuoshengwei kabeh ganti menyang mode IDM. Penulis percaya yen perlu kanggo sawetara perusahaan desain chip murni kanthi kekuatan ekonomi kanggo mbangun pabrik kanggo ngatasi pasokan kapasitas ing jangka pendek. Saka kahanan nyata, perusahaan sing gegandhengan luwih fokus ing teknologi non-maju kayata simulasi lan daya, sing pancene adoh saka ngelak, lan ora bisa wareg saka foundries profesional ing wektu sing cendhak amarga rong alasan. Kapisan, perusahaan OEM ing pucuk pimpinan sibuk karo ekspansi kapasitas produksi canggih 12 inci, lan dheweke ora duwe akeh energi kanggo proses sing ora maju iki. Kapindho, kahanan nasional China, perusahaan OEM kepala lokal isih adoh saka tahap ing ngendi TSMC duwe bathi gedhe lan bisa nggawe investasi daur ulang dhewe, mula dheweke gumantung banget karo dana saka platform investasi industri pemerintah nasional lan lokal. Kaya sing wis dingerteni kabeh, ora preduli kementrian negara utawa pemerintah daerah, dheweke luwih cenderung nggawe jalur lan produk produksi sing dhuwur, gedhe, lan berkualitas tinggi, ngarepake terobosan tinimbang "konstruksi redundan tingkat rendah". Mulane, sanajan perusahaan pengecoran kepala ngakoni keuntungan saka proses sing ora maju, angel golek dana sing cukup kanggo ngrampungake 8 inci utawa malah 124 inci 5 Investasi ing jalur produksi nanometer ing ngisor iki. Nanging, ing jangka panjang, gumantung saka kinerja biaya lan daya saing pasar produk. Apa ana puluhan utawa atusan perusahaan semikonduktor ing China sing apik ing desain chip, manufaktur chip lan manajemen pabrik? Temenan, ora, sawise kabeh, ana spesialisasi ing industri, lan iku ora tartamtu sing bisa entuk goal ayu karo kuwat. saliyane iku, sawetara raksasa elektronik konsumen domestik, raksasa mobil, raksasa komunikasi, lan raksasa jaringan listrik wis metu kanggo nindakake desain chip kanthi langsung. Senajan integrasi desain chip, manufaktur, lan pangguna pungkasan durung kawangun, model desain chip+pelanggan pungkasan iki njupuk cara lawas saka model mbah kakung IDMP Jepang. Aku ora mikir iki solusi jangka panjang. Aku mikir yen ing sawetara taun sabanjure, perusahaan IDM ing China bakal dipérang dadi telung tujuan: Kapisan, isih dadi perusahaan IDM, umume ing simulasi lan panyimpenan. Kapindho, manufaktur dicopot lan dibalekake menyang perusahaan desain chip murni. Katelu, transfer hak kontrol menyang perusahaan pengecoran kepala ora mung njamin pasokan kapasitas produksi asli, nanging uga ngindhari gangguan energi sing berlebihan ing bisnis manufaktur sing ora apik. Mode katelu sejatine minangka arah sing ditindakake Sony Group of Japan. Sony minangka pimpinan ing industri sensor gambar CMOS global lan tansah dadi perusahaan IDM; Ngelingi sensor gambar CMOS Sony utamane didol menyang kamera, telpon seluler, kamera video, lan divisi bisnis liyane ing grup kasebut, Sony minangka perusahaan IDMP nalika semana. Dina iki, Sony milih kerja sama karo TSMC kanggo mbangun jalur produksi canggih 12 inci ing Jepang, sing khusus digunakake kanggo nyukupi panjaluk kapasitas produksi Sony, lan pamrentah Jepang wis menehi subsidi sing gedhe. Penafian: Artikel iki direproduksi saka "Internet". Artikel iki mung minangka panemu pribadi penulis, dudu panemu Sacco Micro lan industri. Iki mung kanggo dicithak ulang lan dienggo bareng kanggo ndhukung perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual. Tulung sebutna sumber asli lan pangripta nalika nyetak ulang. Menawi wonten pelanggaran, sumangga hubungi kita kangge mbusak.

Pasar elektronik saiki mbutuhake integrasi saka pirang-pirang fungsi kecepatan tinggi ing papan sirkuit cetak miniatur (PCBS) ing siji papan, sing ndadékaké para desainer masang kabel sing cedhak banget kanggo ngoptimalake kemasan lan papan. Jarak sing cedhak iki bisa nyebabake gandhengan medan elektromagnetik sing ora dikarepke, fenomena sing dikenal minangka Crosstalk (waca Gambar 1).

Industri semikonduktor minangka industri pendukung inti kanggo mbangun kekuatan ilmiah lan teknologi strategis Tiongkok, lan bagean semikonduktor minangka bidang kunci kanggo nemtokake pangembangan industri semikonduktor Tiongkok sing berkualitas tinggi. Sanajan industri semikonduktor Tiongkok lagi ana ing tahap nyepetake pembangunan, industri bagean semikonduktor domestik isih ngadhepi akeh masalah, kayata tingkat lokalisasi sing kurang, dhukungan lan investasi jangka panjang sing ora cukup, kemampuan inovasi independen perusahaan sing ringkih, kerjasama hulu lan hilir industri sing kurang apik, kurang pelatihan bakat lan mekanisme insentif. Makalah iki bakal ngringkes kanthi lengkap karakteristik pangembangan lan perusahaan utama industri bagean semikonduktor global, nyinaoni ukuran pasar lan pola pangembangan ing njero lan njaba negeri, lan menehi saran pangembangan sing relevan kanggo masalah utama sing diadhepi industri bagean semikonduktor domestik saiki.

(Nasdaq: SNPS) minangka panyedhiya piranti lunak otomatisasi desain elektronik (EDA) kanggo desain sirkuit terpadu ing saindenging jagad. Kanggo nyedhiyakake platform desain lan validasi IC canggih kanggo pasar elektronik global, sing dikhususake kanggo pangembangan sistem ing chip (SoC) sing kompleks. Synopsys uga nyedhiyakake layanan properti intelektual lan desain sing nyederhanakake proses desain lan nyepetake produk menyang pasar.

Nalika Python dadi basa pemrograman sing dominan, MicroPython dadi saya populer ing ruang sistem sing dipasang, utamane ing ESP32 sing populer lan modul Pico berbasis mikrokontroler RP2040 sing dirilis dening Raspberry PI Foundation.

Miturut TrendForce, panjaluk pasca-pandemi, owah-owahan generasi komunikasi, risiko geopolitik, lan stok panik sing disebabake kekurangan jangka panjang terus nyebar ing kuartal kapindho, lan didorong dening output terus-terusan saka kenaikan rega kuartal pertama, output pengecoran tekan $24.407 milyar ing kuartal kapindho, munggah 6.2% wiwit kuartal katelu 2019. Iki wis nyetel level paling dhuwur anyar sajrone wolung kuartal berturut-turut.

Nalika kapadhetan transistor IC saya cedhak karo wates fisik, saya angel kanggo ningkatake kinerja IC mung kanthi ningkatake proses manufaktur. Babagan carane ngembangake industri IC pasca-Moore, jagad iki aktif nggoleki teknologi anyar, metode anyar, lan jalur anyar. Kanggo luwih ningkatake inovasi teknologi lan nyepetake pangembangan industri sirkuit terpadu China ing era pasca-Moore, Asosiasi Industri Semikonduktor China lan China Electronics News bebarengan ngluncurake seri laporan kanthi irah-irahan "Akademi ngomong babagan Evolusi teknologi ing Era Pasca-Moore", sing bakal wawancara karo akademisi ing bidang sing gegandhengan kanggo ngrembug arah pangembangan industri semikonduktor ing era pasca-Moore.

(Dilanjutake saka Bagean I: Desain Sirkuit Terpadu, Bagean II: Manufaktur Sirkuit Terpadu, Bagean III: Kemasan Dasar, Uji Coba, lan Kemasan Lanjut) 5. Piranti manufaktur produk semikonduktor (1) Ringkesan Piranti Manufaktur Semikonduktor Usaha Kecil lan Menengah Ana akeh jinis piranti pangolahan lan manufaktur produk semikonduktor sing digunakake dening usaha kecil lan menengah ing saben proses lini produksi semikonduktor. Ana peralatan khusus semikonduktor (pra-pemrosesan) kanggo nggawe wafer kosong (bahan), peralatan kanggo ngolah wafer kosong dadi wafer pungkasan (pasca-pemrosesan), lan peralatan kanggo nggawe fotomasker (produksi masker). Produsen chip mbutuhake macem-macem peralatan front-end ing lini produksi. Regane peralatan fabrikasi semikonduktor front-end sing kompleks minangka alesan utama kanggo biaya fabrikasi semikonduktor sing dhuwur, kalebu biaya nggawe fabrikasi ultra-bersih. Piranti fabrikasi semikonduktor front-end kalebu piranti kanggo proses fabrikasi chip kayata fotolitografi, etsa, doping utawa implantasi ion, deposisi, polesan, utawa planarisasi mekanik kimia. Sing penting banget yaiku peralatan deposisi uap kimia organik-logam (MOCVD), jinis peralatan deposisi tartamtu sing nyimpen lapisan tipis logam tartamtu, utamane digunakake kanggo ngasilake semikonduktor senyawa, kalebu sing adhedhasar GaAs lan GaN. Peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor mburi mburi SME kalebu ATP lan peralatan kemasan canggih. (2) Kahanan saiki Peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor didominasi dening perusahaan ing AS (pangsa 41.7% saka segi pendapatan penjualan), Jepang (31.1%) lan Walanda (18.8%). Korea Selatan nduwèni pangsa 2.2%, lan sisané kira-kira 6.2% diduwèni déning Tiongkok, Jerman, Taiwan, Israel, Kanada, lan negara-negara liyané ing Asia Tenggara lan Eropa. Sebagéan gedhé produsen peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor Korea Selatan diduwèni déning Samsung utawa SK Hynix, pelanggan utama perusahaan peralatan semikonduktor Korea Selatan iki yaiku perusahaan semikonduktor Korea Selatan. Senajan ana uga perusahaan Tiongkok sing ngasilake macem-macem jinis peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor, perusahaan Tiongkok ora duwe pangsa sing signifikan saka kategori peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor kajaba perakitan back-end, peralatan kemasan, lan MOCVD. Sakabèhé, AS nyumbang akèh saka produksi global kanggo umumé peralatan produksi semikonduktor front-end, kajaba produksi peralatan litografi sing dikonsentrasi ing Walanda lan Jepang. US uga nyumbang pangsa gedhé saka produksi peralatan uji back-end global. Kosok baline, Amerika Serikat nduweni pangsa pasar sing relatif cilik ing manufaktur peralatan produksi semikonduktor back-end global (peralatan perakitan lan pengemasan), dene China nduweni pangsa sing cukup gedhe. Sanajan Tiongkok saiki gumantung banget marang peralatan produksi semikonduktor sing dudu saka Tiongkok (kajaba kemasan lan MOCVD), Tiongkok nandur modal akeh kanggo fokus ing produksi peralatan kasebut. Investasi iki menehi perusahaan sing entuk manfaat kauntungan sing signifikan kanggo ngembangake lan ngasilake peralatan chip sing paling canggih dibandhingake karo perusahaan liyane. Kaya sing dituduhake ing grafik ing ngisor iki, nalika AS nduweni pangsa pasar sing cukup gedhe ing produksi sebagian besar UKM front-end, pangecualian sing penting yaiku peralatan pindai/stepper litografi, sing meh kabeh digawe dening perusahaan Walanda ASML lan perusahaan Jepang Nikon lan Canon. Kanggo mesin litografi, ASML (Walanda) minangka siji-sijine produsen stepper/scanner EUV, sing penting banget kanggo produksi sirkuit terpadu kanthi jembar garis 5 nm utawa kurang. Nanging, mung rong produsen semikonduktor, TSMC lan Samsung, sing saiki nggunakake mesin EUV ing produksi, kanthi siji piranti regane luwih saka $100 yuta. ASML lan Nikon loro-lorone nggawe mesin litografi ultraviolet jero (DUV) sing mroyeksikan sinar cahya liwat photomask lan nggawe gambar sing luwih cilik saka pola photomask ing wafer kasebut. Ing njaba Walanda lan Jepang, panggunaan peralatan litografi AS lan negara liya utamane kanggo chip volume rendah tartamtu utawa kanggo nggawe photomask. Sakumpulan peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor bisa duwe nganti 100+ bagean, lan bagean lan aksesoris peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor minangka kategori perdagangan paling gedhe ing industri kasebut. Miturut survey Sensus Produsen, setengah saka AS Pendapatan dodolan peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor digunakake kanggo komponen lan bahan liyane. Luwih saka 130 AS perusahaan nyedhiyakake komponen penting kanggo peralatan sing didol dening perusahaan manca. Khususé, Cymer (USA) nggawé laser kanggo mesin litografi stepper/scanner EUV ASML. ASML ndarbeni Cymer ing taun 2013, nanging Cymer tetep dadi unit operasi ASML sing independen lan berbasis ing AS. Amarga sifat siklikal saka dodolan amarga pasar lan pelanggan sing winates, umume perusahaan peralatan gedhe ngasilake luwih saka siji jinis peralatan kanggo nyedhiyakake macem-macem pilihan peralatan lan perawatan kanggo para pelanggan. Perusahaan peralatan stepper/scanner litografi kaya ta ASML minangka pangecualian kanggo aturan iki amarga teknologi peralatan sing unik. Lam Research, Tokyo Electron (TEL) fokus ing deposisi lan etsa, dene KLA fokus ing metrologi lan inspeksi. Salah sawijining pangecualian kanggo timbal ing Jepang lan Walanda yaiku peralatan MOCVD, sing digunakake kanggo ngasilake semikonduktor sing digawe saka bahan liyane kajaba silikon kayata GaN lan GaAs, kalebu LED, dioda laser lan chip fotonik liyane, piranti daya/RF lan sel surya. Kaya sing wis kasebut ing ndhuwur, chip GaN nduweni implikasi pertahanan strategis. Piranti MOCVD diprodhuksi dening Veeco (AS), Aixtron (Jerman) lan AMEC (China). Tiongkok nyoba ngunggahake pangsa pasar ing pasar MOCVD liwat akuisisi. Ing taun 2016, entitas Tiongkok Fujian Grand Chip Investment Fund, perusahaan sing dibentuk kanggo kesepakatan kasebut, kalebu lembaga milik negara lan regional, nyoba ndarbeni Aixtron, nanging kesepakatan kasebut diblokir dening Presiden Obama sawise tinjauan dening Komite Investasi Asing ing Amerika Serikat (CFIUS), sing bisa uga pihak sing ngakuisisi mbatalake tawaran pengambilalihan. Telung perusahaan paling dhuwur kanggo peralatan etsa yaiku Lam Research (AS), Tokyo Electron (Jepang), lan Applied Materials (AS). Perusahaan-perusahaan Tiongkok, kalebu AMEC, duwe keahlian ing babagan etsa lan bisa nyedhiyakake peralatan kanggo aplikasi kelas ngisor, nanging pangsa pasar mung sekitar 1%. US nduweni pangsa pasar sing relatif cilik (4.9%) ing UKM kemasan back-end dibandhingake karo peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor front-end. Jepang nduwèni pangsa paling gedhé saka peralatan kemasan (35.7%), disusul karo China (22.9%) lan Walanda (11.1%). Nanging, Kulicke lan Soffa sing berbasis ing AS minangka perusahaan peralatan kemasan semikonduktor sing unggul. US lan Jepang mimpin ing peralatan uji back-end (ATP) kanthi pangsa pasar 33.5% lan 48.6%. (3) Peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor, risiko Amerika Serikat gumantung marang dodolan manca negara (non-AS): Nalika AS nduweni pangsa gedhe ing pasar peralatan produksi semikonduktor, AS Produsen gumantung banget marang dodolan manca negara. Minangka produsen semikonduktor paling gedhé, Taiwan, China, lan Korea Selatan minangka pasar paling gedhé kanggo peralatan produksi semikonduktor. Senajan Taiwan diarepake bakal entuk maneh posisine minangka pasar paling gedhe kanggo peralatan produksi semikonduktor ing taun 2021 lan 2022, amarga pengeluaran gedhe sing dibutuhake dening pabrik chip, Applied Materials and Lam Research nglaporake yen udakara 90% saka total pendapatan 2020 bakal asale saka dodolan non-AS. Pendapatan Lam Research saka Tiongkok mundhak saka 16% ing taun 2018 dadi 31% ing taun 2020. Akibate, AS Para produsen peralatan produksi semikonduktor ana ing risiko kena pengaruh sing signifikan saka watesan perdagangan AS-China utawa owah-owahan permintaan sing ora dikarepke ing Asia. Dampak sing diasilake bisa ngluwihi penurunan pendapatan saiki, amarga produsen semikonduktor ngalami tingkat lock-in piranti, lan ngganti pemasok piranti mbutuhake desain ulang sing larang. Contone, Lam Research nyathet ing laporan taunan 2020, "Sawise produsen semikonduktor setya tuku peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor pesaing, produsen biasane terus tuku peralatan pesaing kasebut, saengga luwih angel kanggo ngedol menyang pelanggan kasebut ing mangsa ngarep. peralatan.” Kajaba iku, dodolan peralatan produksi semikonduktor diwatesi mung kanggo universitas lan perusahaan manufaktur semikonduktor sing duwe pabrik. Perusahaan peralatan produksi semikonduktor ora bisa nambah basis pelanggan ing njaba kategori kasebut amarga peralatan kasebut unik kanggo industri semikonduktor. Subsidi Tiongkok kanggo produksi peralatan manufaktur semikonduktor ngganggu pasar: Kajaba iku, Tiongkok ngrencanakake nyedhiyakake subsidi sing substansial kanggo mbiayai produksi peralatan produksi semikonduktor ing negara kasebut. Fase kapindho saka Dana Investasi Industri Sirkuit Terpadu Nasional China fokus ing mesin etsa, peralatan deposisi, peralatan pengujian lan pembersih wafer, kanthi pendanaan wiwit saka $28.9 nganti $47 milyar. Subsidi kasebut njaga perusahaan Tiongkok tetep beroperasi, sanajan umume katon ora nguntungake. Contone, miturut Organisasi kanggo Kerjasama lan Pembangunan Ekonomi (OECD), "injeksi modal pemerintah nduweni dampak sing jelas marang kinerja keuangan produsen semikonduktor Tiongkok," ing ngendi kenaikan aset perusahaan durung diimbangi karo pertumbuhan profitabilitas. Subsidi iki nyedhiyakake dana kanggo perusahaan Tiongkok kanggo nandur modal ing riset lan pangembangan ing manufaktur semikonduktor generasi sabanjure, menehi kauntungan sing signifikan tinimbang perusahaan non-Tiongkok sing ora nampa subsidi kasebut. Ora kaya jaman biyen, produsen peralatan produksi semikonduktor saiki wegah nandur modal ing R&D kanggo ukuran wafer generasi sabanjure, amarga R&D lan pengeluaran modal sing substansial kanggo nggawe peralatan produksi semikonduktor lan ketidakpastian kapan lan ing ngendi produksi chip canggih bakal ditindakake.

(Tindakake bagean I ing ndhuwur: Desain Sirkuit Terpadu (Babagan Manufaktur Sirkuit TERINTEGRASI (1) Perkiraan Dasar Citigroup babagan Industri Manufaktur Sirkuit Terpadu Produk semikonduktor ndorong meh saben sektor ekonomi, kalebu energi, perawatan kesehatan, pertanian, elektronik konsumen, manufaktur, lan transportasi. Panjaluk panggunaan pungkasan global kanggo semikonduktor ing taun 2019 yaiku: telpon seluler (26%), infrastruktur informasi lan komunikasi (kalebu pusat data, jaringan komunikasi) (24%); Komputer (19%), industri (12%), otomotif (10%) lan elektronik konsumen (10%). Kira-kira 9% saka aplikasi sing beda-beda iki langsung ndhukung keamanan nasional lan kritis

(Sabanjure bagean I: Desain sirkuit terpadu; ATP (Perakitan, Tes, lan Pengemasan) lan kemasan canggih (1) Kanggo semikonduktor back-end ATP sing relatif kurang teknologi, Amerika Serikat gumantung banget marang sumber daya asing sing dikonsentrasi ing Asia. (2) Amarga chip dadi luwih kompleks, metode kemasan canggih minangka wilayah potensial kanggo kemajuan teknologi sing signifikan. Nanging, AS uga dudu papan sing efektif biaya kanggo ngembangake industri kemasan canggih sing kuwat amarga kekurangan ekosistem bahan sing dibutuhake; (3) Cocog karo iki,

Resiko, ngrampungake celah lan ngrumusake strategi nyediakake kekuwatan rantai.

"Pira taun semikonduktor Tiongkok bisa nyusul tingkat dunia? Wangsulan sing dakwenehake rong taun kepungkur yaiku paket kasebut wis nyusul tingkat dunia. Desaine butuh 5 nganti 10 taun. Memori butuh 10-15 taun. Peralatan/bahan butuh 10-20 taun, lan ambang dhuwure bakal relatif alon." Gambar: Chen Datong, mitra Puhua Capital, ora suwe sadurunge, Chen Datong teka ing Akademi Pasir Dune kanggo nuduhake kewirausahaan semikonduktor lan persepsi investasi sajrone telung puluh taun kepungkur. Artikel iki nuduhake konten desensitisasi: Apa sampeyan bisa entuk dhuwit kanggo nandur modal ing industri semikonduktor Tiongkok? Aku melu Konferensi Tahunan Qingke ing taun 2009. Ing rapat tahunan, sawetara wong ujar manawa kabeh industri ing Tiongkok bisa entuk dhuwit, kajaba semikonduktor. Aku kerja semikonduktor sajrone urip, lan aku dirangsang nalika semana.

"Sirkuit utawa chip terintegrasi minangka panganan industri"

Nggoleki keamanan lan ekosistem lokal sing lengkap saka rantai pasokan industri informasi elektronik China minangka proses sing angel lan bertahap. Tingkat awal yaiku pangembangan lan produksi chip kanthi mandiri, banjur panjaluk peralatan domestik dipikolehi. Nanging kasunyatan nuduhake yen peralatan kasebut bisa digawe cukup. Amerika Serikat menehi sanksi marang perusahaan manufaktur wafer China, lan sawetara produsen peralatan China kudu tundhuk karo Amerika Serikat. Penyebab utama isih gumantung marang Amerika Serikat ing komponen kunci. Dibandhingake karo peralatan, bagean-bagean kasebut ora gedhe babagan peralatan, nanging pancen khas.

Tanggal 23 Februari, sawise raksasa simulasi industri Texas Instrument (TI) ngumumake pengangkatan Jiang Han minangka wakil presiden Texas Instrument Company lan Presiden China, mantan wakil presiden Texas Instrument lan Ibu Hu Yuhua (Sandy Hu) dadi industri kasebut. Fokus, amarga taun 2020 minangka taun nalika pendapatan TI dadi rekor, Ibu Hu Yuhua milih mundur lan ujar manawa dheweke bakal nantang awake dhewe maneh. Kepiye carane dheweke bisa nantang awake dhewe?

Ing piranti elektronik lan listrik, sensor digunakake kanggo njupuk sinyal fisik asli saka jagad njaba, kalebu sinyal swara, gambar, suhu, kelembapan, tekanan, lan cahya, lan ngowahi sinyal fisik kasebut dadi sinyal listrik, wujud voltase/arus sing khas. Sensor fisik lan kimia tradisional mung njupuk sinyal eksternal lan ora duwe kemampuan kanggo ngetung lan ngolah. Kanthi kemajuan teknologi manufaktur, syarat ukuran lan biaya, sensor MEMS adhedhasar proses Sistem Mikroelektronika (MEMS) saya tambah populer. Ing aplikasi sensor sing wiyar, smartphone pantes diwenehi perhatian khusus. Apa sensor gambar CMOS (CIS) utawa produsen chip pangenalan sidik jari wis entuk kesempatan pangembangan sing gedhe saka iku. Disiplin

Industri semikonduktor Tiongkok wis panas banget. Ing sisih siji, iki amarga dhukungan kabijakan, lan ing sisih liyane, iki uga minangka fermentasi alami saka permintaan lan penawaran pasar, sing wis nyepetake perkembangan semikonduktor domestik ing macem-macem bidang. Bubar iki, Profesor Wei Shaojun, direktur Institut Mikroelektronika Universitas Tsinghua lan wakil ketua Asosiasi Industri Semikonduktor China, menehi pidato ing Global CEO Double Summit "Cara sing bener yaiku owah-owahan urip, babagan tekad strategis ing sangisore owah-owahan gedhe", nudingake manawa pangembangan semikonduktor domestik saiki kudu bali menyang pamikiran sing fokus ing produk, lan mriksa maneh limang sektor utama industri semikonduktor: desain, manufaktur, kemasan lan pengujian, perakitan lan bahan. Kita kudu ngurmati hukum pembangunan industri, ngimbangi sumber daya, lan ngimbangi pembangunan. pangembangan gaya. Saka perspektif produk chip tunggal MCU sing umum digunakake, ana akeh tim pangembangan lan sistem pendukung ing China wiwit saka produk konsumen ing sekitar ponsel, peralatan rumah tangga cilik nganti kontrol motor industri, elektronik otomotif, komunikasi nirkabel, Internet of Things, lan malah kecerdasan buatan. Ing wektu sing padha, China uga duwe klompok konsumen lan skenario aplikasi sing paling jembar. Adhedhasar faktor-faktor ing ndhuwur, kaluwihan pangembangan mikrokomputer chip tunggal ing China luwih jelas, lan akeh perusahaan bintang chip tunggal lokal uga wis digawe! Sanajan pasar China terus berkembang, isih ana jurang gedhe ing antarane MCU domestik babagan wujud produk, pangsa pasar lan kemajuan teknologi dibandhingake karo merek luar negeri. Ing taun 2020, diarepake dodolan produsen MCU domestik bakal tekan 14.8 milyar yuan, sing nyumbang 55% saka kabeh pasar MCU Tiongkok. Saiki, produsen MCU domestik utamane saingan ing aplikasi kelas ngisor kayata elektronik konsumen, kertu cerdas lan meter banyu, listrik lan gas, nanging ing wilayah kanthi potensi pasar sing gedhe lan bathi sing relatif dhuwur, kayata kontrol industri, elektronik otomotif lan pasar Internet of Things, dheweke isih didominasi dening MCU asing. Monopoli dening produsen! Peringkat kinerja MCU Asia-Pasifik Y2019 kaya ing ngisor iki: Saka perspektif pangsa pasar MCU global ing taun 2020, MCU 32-bit bakal nyumbang 62%, 16-bit 23%, lan 4/8-bit 15%; saka perspektif pasar aplikasi MCU domestik, MCU 8-bit isih digunakake minangka pangsa pasar. Gusti, nanging kanthi peningkatan produk terminal sing terus-terusan, dibarengi karo panjaluk daya komputasi sing kuwat lan konsumsi daya sing sithik ing era Internet of Things, lan rega jual rata-rata loro kasebut saya nyuda kesenjangan, MCU 32-bit mesthi bakal nggawa pertumbuhan sing eksplosif! Ing ngisor iki minangka informasi dhasar lan peta distribusi statistik saka 30 produsen MCU domestik sing disusun dening Electronic Engineering Album ing wulan Agustus 2020. Perusahaan sing kadhaptar: 12, kalebu 2 sing kadhaptar ing Dewan Katelu Anyar lan 3 anak perusahaan perusahaan sing kadhaptar. Kantor Pusat: 10 ing Shanghai, 7 ing Shenzhen, 3 ing Beijing, 3 ing Zhuhai, 2 ing Suzhou, 1 saben ing Qingdao, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chongqing lan Anhui Wuhu. Saka perspektif arsitektur kernel, arsitektur Arm isih dadi arus utama, nyumbang luwih saka 55%. Nanging, kanthi saya jerone dhukungan kabijakan lan kemajuan pasar, proporsi RISC-V uga nuduhake tren munggah. Kita wis nglumpukake lan milah perbandingan sawetara produsen MCU domestik khas. Saka iki, kita uga bisa ndeleng tata letak jangka panjang saben produsen ing macem-macem industri kayata elektronik konsumen, Internet of Things, infrastruktur anyar lan elektronik otomotif adhedhasar teknologi lan kaunggulan pasar dhewe-dhewe. Ing awal April 2013, Zhaoyi Innovation ngluncurake MCU 32-bit pisanan adhedhasar inti Arm Cortex-M3 ing China. Sawisé mèh 7 taun pangembangan terus-terusan, Zhaoyi duwé 24 lini produk lengkap ing produk MCU berbasis inti Arm, kanthi luwih saka 300 model opsional, sing nduwèni kinerja dhuwur, kompatibilitas antar seri, lan keandalan industri. kinerja lan gampang dikembangake. Miturut data resmi, ing Mei 2017, pangiriman MCU 32-bit Zhaoyi wis ngluwihi 100 yuta unit, lan ing Juni 2020, jumlah iki wis ngluwihi 400 yuta unit. Ing wulan Agustus 2019, Zhaoyi uga ngluncurake MCU tujuan umum pertama ing donya adhedhasar inti RISC-V: seri GD32V. Kumpulan produk anyar sing pertama nyedhiyakake 14 model, kalebu 4 jinis paket kalebu QFN36, LQFP48, LQFP64 lan LQFP100. Lan njaga kompatibilitas karo produk sing wis ana ing pangembangan piranti lunak lan kemasan pin kanthi lengkap. Performa MCU seri GD32V ing frekuensi paling dhuwur bisa tekan 153 DMIPS, lan tes CoreMark uga entuk kinerja sing apik banget yaiku 360 poin. Dibandhingake karo GD32F103 kanthi inti GD32 Cortex-M3, kinerjane saya apik nganti 15%, lan konsumsi daya dinamis saya suda nganti 50%. , konsumsi daya siaga suda nganti 25%. Ing mangsa ngarep, produk pasar tindak lanjut saka GD32 MCU bakal berkembang ing telung wilayah: konektivitas nirkabel, konsumsi daya ultra-rendah lan produk kelas otomotif. 无线连接 Y2020 ● IOT WiFi ● BT+BLES.x+WiFi多模 ● Sub 1GHz多模 ● UWB 超低功耗 Y2021 ● 电池供电● 设备供电●设备可穿戴设备 汽车级产品 Y2022 ● 汽车级产品认证 ● 车身控制系统 ● 辅助驾驶 kode 58 Chip Teknologi 5 Produk saiki Chipsea utamane kanggo 4 lapangan: 1) Pangukuran kesehatan lan produk medis; 2) Produk interaksi manungsa-komputer; 3) Produk pangukuran sinyal listrik, manajemen daya, lan kontrol; 4) Produk sensor omah pinter. Chipsea miwiti kariré karo ADC, wis melu banget ing bidhang ADC suwéné 17 taun, lan wis nglumpukké 12 taun ing bidhang MCU. Inovasi inti ing mangsa ngarep isih bakal fokus ing platform ganda ADC+MCU, sing nyedhiyakake macem-macem konsumsi daya sing endhek, ukuran cilik, presisi dhuwur, lan presisi dhuwur kanggo Internet of Things. Produk rantai sinyal kinerja dhuwur! Mikroelektronika Cerdas Wiwit madege ing Maret 2011, Smart Microelectronics wis kasil ngrampungake desain lan promosi atusan produk MCU. Saiki, Smart Microelectronics duwé produk MCU sing dipasok sacara massal adhedhasar inti ARM Cortex-M0 lan Cortex-M3, kalebu: Seri MM32F kanggo pasar kinerja dhuwur, seri MM32L kanggo aplikasi konsumsi daya lan keamanan ultra-rendah, seri MM32W kanthi pirang-pirang fungsi sambungan nirkabel, seri MM32SPIN kanggo penggerak lan kontrol motor, lan seri MM32P tipe OTP, lan liya-liyane. Panjaluk pasar kanggo skenario aplikasi sing sugih ing pirang-pirang bidang lan ing pirang-pirang tingkat. Saliyané nggatèkaké pasar elektronik konsumen tradisional, Smart Microelectronics uga terus nguwataké investasiné ing pasar kontrol motor. Panjenengan saged ngrujuk dhateng Direktur Pemasaran Smart Micro: Bp. Huang Zhikai, sing nuduhake ing Seminar Teknologi Motor Shenzhen kaping 15 ing taun 2020: http://news .ifeng.com/c/7ysBnANAD39, jawaban rinci kanggo masalah utama kayata solusi kontrol motor utama lan konsumsi energi motor. Chip Hangshun Chip Hangshun diadegaké ing Shenzhen ing taun 2014. Piranti lunak lan perangkat kerasé kompatibel banget karo MCU impor. Minangka salah sawijining kaluwihan utama, Hangshun nyedhiyakake produk MCU kanthi rega murah sing bisa mlebu pasar kanthi paling cepet. HK32F030M sing nembe diluncurake, MCU 32-bit, regane kurang saka 1 yuan kanggo pangguna pungkasan, lan pungkasane nggayuh salah sawijining terobosan paling angel kanggo komputer 32-bit kanggo ngganti MCU 8-bit/16-bit kelas menengah nganti dhuwur! HK32F030M ora mung regane murah, nanging uga nduweni frekuensi utama 48M, 100,000 wektu mbusak, lan liya-liyane. Iki bisa digunakake sacara wiyar ing oksimeter, motor, lampu kipas langit-langit, pengontrol kulkas AC lan produk liyane! Ing mangsa ngarep, chip Hangshun ora mung bakal nggawe upaya ing bidang MCU tujuan umum, nanging uga fokus ing hotspot pasar kayata infrastruktur anyar negara lan data gedhe 5G kanggo Internet of Things, lan liya-liyane, lan terus-terusan ngluncurake produk anyar ing bidang SOC kelas atas lan khusus. BYD Semiconductor BYD Semiconductor Co., Ltd., sadurungé dikenal minangka Shenzhen BYD Microelectronics Co., Ltd., diadegaké ing taun 2004. Saiki, bisnis utama BYD Semiconductor nyakup R&D, produksi lan dodolan semikonduktor daya, IC kontrol cerdas, sensor cerdas lan semikonduktor optoelektronik. BYD Semiconductor percaya yèn chip MCU, minangka inti komputasi internal lan pamrosesan ing sistem elektronik otomotif, minangka kunci kanggo pangembangan kendaraan sing jero saka elektrifikasi nganti intelijen. Kanthi presipitasi ing industri otomotif, BYD Semiconductor mlebu ing bidang MCU ing taun 2007. Diwiwiti saka MCU kelas industri, chip iki nganut rute ganda kinerja lan linuwih, lan saiki duwe chip MCU tujuan umum kelas industri, chip MCU telung-ing-siji kelas industri, lan chip MCU kelas otomotif. Chip MCU 8-bit kelas regulator, chip MCU 32-bit kelas otomotif lan chip MCU manajemen baterei lan produk liyane. Nganti saiki, MCU kelas otomotif BYD Semiconductor wis ngluwihi 5 yuta, lan pengiriman kumulatif MCU ngluwihi 2 milyar, nggayuh terobosan gedhe ing pasar kanggo MCU domestik. Tiongkok minangka negara produksi lan dodolan mobil paling gedhé ing donya, lan uga nduwèni pasar MCU otomotif paling gedhé ing donya. Saiki, udakara 100 MCU digunakake ing mobil rata-rata. Miturut prakiraan iki, total pasar MCU otomotif negaraku udakara 2 milyar, lan ukuran pasar kasebut nganti puluhan milyar yuan. Munculé papat modernisasi mobil anyar (elektrifikasi, intelijen, jaringan, lan enggo bareng) bakal luwih nambah panjaluk kanggo MCU. Saliyané kekuwatan komprehensif saka rega benchmarking, kinerja produk, layanan teknis, lan respon logistik karo merek luar negeri, editor percaya yèn semikonduktor domestik kudu terus nguatake konstruksi lan isi ekosistem. Njupuk STM32 minangka conto, ST nyedhiyakake ekosistem lengkap piranti pangembangan perangkat keras lan perangkat lunak kanggo saben seri produk, lan mbangun proses pangembangan sing lancar kanthi platform pangembangan siji-mandeg wiwit saka konfigurasi, pangembangan, pemrograman nganti pelacakan, deleng gambar ing ngisor iki. Ing wektu sing padha, ST uga wis ngembangake akeh klompok pangguna potensial liwat dhukungan sumber daya multi-level kayata Program Universitas China, platform online kayata situs web resmi / mikro resmi, lan pelatihan online. Saliyané iku, ST uga nggampangaké kreativitas mitra liwat program mitra, saéngga para pelanggan luwih gampang ngakses sumber daya pangembangan sing luwih akèh. Bengkel Chuangxin minangka salah sawijining mitra ekologis, sing nyedhiyakake produk lan layanan enkripsi firmware lan pembakaran aman kanggo kabeh wong. Mitra pihak katelu ora mung nyedhiyakake sumber daya perangkat keras kayata papan pangembangan perangkat keras, debugger, lan burner, nanging uga nyedhiyakake layanan firmware program (enkripsi firmware, pembakaran keamanan firmware, pembakaran awan firmware, lan liya-liyane) sing saling menguntungkan. "Dalan sing bener ing donya iki yaiku owah-owahaning urip" asale saka "Pitu Hukum - Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat Menduduki Nanjing" sing ditulis dening Mao Zedong ing taun 1949. Dhèwèké lagi seneng banget nalika krungu kabar apik yèn Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat wis nguwasani Nanjing tanggal 23 April ing Villa Shuangqing ing Xiangshan, Peiping, lan nulis geguritan iki. Teks asline kaya ing ngisor iki: Angin lan udan ing Zhongshan malih dadi kuning, lan mayuta-yuta pahlawan nyabrang kali. Macan lan naga iku luwih apik tinimbang sing kepungkur, lan jagad iki dibalik lan loman. Disaranake nggunakake wani sing isih ana kanggo ngoyak para bandit miskin, lan aja diarani mastering sinau. Yen langit kasmaran, langit uga tuwa, lan dalan sing bener ing donya yaiku owah-owahan. Prekara-prekara terus berkembang, dianyari lan owah, iki minangka hukum sing ora bisa dihindari! Tiongkok saiki dadi pasar konsumen paling gedhé ing donya, nduwèni kaunggulan aplikasi pasar alami, lan nduwèni praktisi industri sing apik banget. Adhedhasar iki, industri MCU domestik isih butuh dalan sing dawa. Ora kena kesusu, lan ora kena mikir tikungan kanthi wuta. Nyalip lan njupuk dalan pintas, kowé kudu njupuk "dalan sing bener", lan kowé bakal éntuk asil sing bener! Cathetan: Artikel iki dijupuk saka internet kanggo ndhukung perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual. Mangga sebutna sumber asli lan pangripta cetak ulang kasebut. Menawi wonten pelanggaran, sumangga hubungi kita kangge mbusak.