— Song Shiqiang, SlkorDuring the development of Huaqiangbei, "Shanzhai phones" became a topic that could not be ignored. In 2007 alone, the shipment volume of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones reached 150 million units, accounting for one-sixth of the world’s total mobile phone production that year. The rise and fall of Shanzhai phones happened rapidly. It created many millionaires from the tiny "one-meter counters" in Huaqiangbei, but it also led to tragic stories, such as the bankruptcy and mental breakdown of "Prince of Shanzhai Phones," Chen Jinling.The Shanzhai phone phenomenon also had a positive side. It helped promote Huaqiangbei’s maker culture, turning Shenzhen into a "Silicon Valley of Hardware" and a "Paradise for Entrepreneurship." It also gave birth to local mobile phone brands such as Meizu, G5, Longcheer, and Transsion. In many ways, it became the foundation of the "Huaqiangbei maker spirit" and the "Shenzhen entrepreneurial spirit."However, the Shanzhai phone industry was also in conflict with the government’s push for intellectual property protection, patent awareness, and brand development at that time. As a result, it stood at the crossroads of market growth, technological innovation, government regulation, economic development, business ethics, and legal construction. Conflicts and failures became almost unavoidable, which is why official media and many economists rarely discussed Huaqiangbei’s Shanzhai phone.Authoritative media and professional institutions, including Harvard Business Review, have studied the cases of MediaTek and the white box handset market using various business analysis models. These include SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, PESTEL analysis, VRIO analysis, value chain analysis, BCG matrix analysis, Ansoff matrix analysis, and marketing mix analysis.As a long-time witness to Huaqiangbei, I, Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor, aim to objectively and truthfully record what I saw and experienced, restoring the real history of Huaqiangbei during that era. By applying basic theories of socioeconomics, I also hope to systematically analyze the deeper logic behind the "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone" phenomenon and pay tribute to an era filled with opportunity and rapid economic growth. Shanzai! MediaTek and the White Box Handset Market Case Study Solution Analysis Following the previous article by Mr. Song of Slkor, Research on Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones (Part Ⅰ), this section continues the discussion on the origin of "Shanzhai," the technological evolution of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones, and the two major boom periods of the industry.Ⅳ. The Wealth Miracle of HuaqiangbeiHuaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District, Shenzhen, possessed all the favorable conditions for the concentration of wealth and the creation of a large number of millionaires and billionaires — the perfect combination of "timing, location, and people."At the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up, the world was experiencing the third major global industrial transfer, during which manufacturing of industrial products shifted from Europe, the United States, and the Four Asian Tigers to China. This was the "right timing." Shenzhen, as one of China’s first four Special Economic Zones, enjoyed independent legislative authority, highly flexible policies, and a strategic geographic position adjacent to Hong Kong — the "Pearl of the Orient" — while also being close to Southeast Asia, home to many overseas Chinese business communities. This was the "right location." Meanwhile, large numbers of migrant workers from across China poured into Shenzhen. They had received basic education, were hardworking and disciplined, and accepted relatively low wages and benefits, resulting in low labor costs. This was the "right people."Huaqiangbei was famous for its "three abundances" — people, goods, and money. At its peak, Huaqiangbei was home to over 60,000 small and medium-sized enterprises and 40,000 self-employed businesses, with approximately 500,000 daily workers and merchants. During holidays, visitor traffic exceeded 800,000 people, and shoppers often had to queue just to enter malls such as Vanguard Department Store and Women’s World.Annual transaction volume in Huaqiangbei surpassed RMB 300 billion. Transfer fees for just one meter of counter space could reach RMB 300,000, while prime retail properties in SEG Plaza sold for as much as RMB 300,000 per square meter. Although Vanguard Department Store had a business area of only 3,000 square meters, its daily revenue once reached RMB 3 million, making it one of the world’s highest-performing retail spaces in terms of sales per square meter. Over the course of 30 years, Huaqiangbei’s economic output surged from less than RMB 2 billion to RMB 300 billion, transforming the former "Shangbu Industrial Zone" into "China’s No.1 Electronics Street." The GDP of Huaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District eventually rivaled that of Yuehai Subdistrict in Nanshan District, one of Shenzhen’s most renowned economic hubs. Mr. Song of Slkor Summarizes the Wealth Phenomenon of Shenzhen Huaqiangbei Mr. Cheng Yimu from the Shenzhen Electronics Chamber of Commerce is one of the witnesses to the history of Huaqiangbei. According to him, Huaqiangbei was originally the center of Shenzhen’s electronic information industry. At that time, the Shangbu Industrial Zone, where Huaqiangbei is located, gathered many famous electronics factories and government-affiliated institutions, including Huaqiang Sanyo TV, SED Philips, Jinghua Electronics, SEG Hitachi, and Huaqiang Electronics Factory.After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), mainland China rapidly became the "world’s factory." The electronics and information industry experienced explosive growth, and driven by giants such as SEG and Huaqiang, Huaqiangbei quickly rose to become "China’s No.1 Electronics Street."At the same time, in areas beyond the reach of strict government regulation, the power of the gray market also created economic miracles. The Shanzhai phone supply chain quietly developed across the Pearl River Delta before eventually evolving in Huaqiangbei into a powerful industry force. Many outsiders who came to Huaqiangbei to make a living were willing to challenge old rules and embrace disruptive innovation.The rise of Huaqiangbei’s free-market ecosystem was essentially a process of optimizing resources and driving industrial innovation. Some small business owners operating from tiny "one-meter counters" gradually became known as the first "Huaqiangbei makers." The district’s unique business model and profit-sharing culture encouraged ambitious newcomers to experiment, compete, and innovate. In an environment where "anything not forbidden could be tried," Huaqiangbei created its own era of glory.Many people also grew stronger through repeated failures and fierce business competition, eventually becoming well-known entrepreneurs. This is the "Huaqiangbei culture" summarized by Mr. Song of Slkor and Kinghelm — a culture defined by innovation, risk-taking, resilience, and pragmatism. Huaqiangbei Was Originally a Hub for the Electronics and Information Industry — Photo Provided by Cheng Yimu Media strategist Wang Zhigang once said, "God releases the devil, but the devil creates paradise." This reflects the sociological theory of "unintended consequences," where an original intention A eventually leads to a completely different result B within a complex and changing social environment.A well-known example is Sildenafil. It was originally developed to treat high blood pressure and angina, but later became famous for treating erectile dysfunction and improving kidney health in traditional Chinese understanding. This theory can also help explain the wealth miracle created by the Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone industry.Now, I cannot resist giving everyone another serious-but-funny lesson about the Chinese habit of "supplementing" health. Chinese people seem to love "boosting" everything. Men focus on strengthening the kidneys, women focus on nourishing the blood, and many households keep traditional medicines like Liuwei Dihuang Pills and Wuji Baifeng Pills in their drawers. Water cups are often filled with goji berries, red dates, or cassia seeds.Children need extra tutoring, programmers need extra sleep, and elderly people hurry to supermarkets every day to stock up on free eggs for the fridge. It feels as if, without some kind of "supplement," people become mentally uneasy and physically weak. Back in the peak years of China’s mobile phone industry, aside from the "Zhonghua Kuolian" group — ZTE, Huawei, Coolpad, and Lenovo — almost every other company had a complicated and inseparable connection with the Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone.ODM companies such as Huaqin, Longcheer, Huiye, Wingtech, Yude, HEDY, Haipai, and Tinno built massive businesses during that era, and the founders behind them largely became billionaires. Mobile phone brands including Gionee, GFive, and Transsion helped figures such as Liu Lirong, Zhang Zhixue, and Zhu Zhaojiang rise to fortunes worth billions or even tens of billions of yuan.Shanghai Moshang, a company that profited from providing "shanzhai phone" solutions, was officially registered in Shanghai, yet its manufacturing base and technical ecosystem were still deeply tied to Huaqiangbei. Design firms such as Artop and Jialantu, specializing in mobile phone exterior styling and structural design, were also located in Huaqiangbei. Beyond them were countless influential figures hidden throughout different nodes of the supply chain, whose wealth stories were all closely connected to Huaqiangbei.I has always believed that among all the industries that created billionaires in Huaqiangbei, the "shanzhai mobile phone" wave operated at the highest capacity. It was this era that made Huaqiangbei famous across China and beyond, elevating it to the pinnacle of wealth creation. In 2012, carrying the modest savings I had accumulated from working in real estate, I returned to Huaqiangbei to seek new opportunities. At that time, Huaqiangbei was bursting with energy. During holidays, the main streets were packed shoulder to shoulder with crowds. Psy’s Korean hit "Gangnam Style" echoed through the streets and alleys, while advertisements for "Being a Woman Feels Great" shapewear underwear covered the walls. After enjoying Damu Chaoshan beef hotpot, many shop owners would head to "Cool Party KTV" for karaoke, and once the mood peaked, everyone would start dancing Psy’s famous "horse-riding dance."In order to break into Huaqiangbei’s high-end business circles, I often dressed like a polished gentleman, pretending to be a wealthy and cultured successful entrepreneur. I drove around in my third-hand BMW, with expired bottles of Moutai stored in the trunk, while enthusiastically explaining theories such as the "Kondratiev Cycle" and the "Fibonacci Golden Curve" to Huaqiangbei’s businesswomen. I even added the ancient business wisdom of Fan Li — "measuring surplus and shortage, distinguishing righteousness from profit" — as a finishing touch. People began to feel that Huaqiangbei still had its share of intellectuals.At first, the Huaqiangbei businesswomen remained cautious, suspecting that I was selling training courses, insurance, direct sales products, or cosmetic surgery services. But by discussing topics such as the characteristics of the integrated circuit industry, large-scale manufacturing, supply chain structures, geopolitical influences, and Huaqiangbei’s role as both an "inventory reservoir" and a critical intersection between production and sales, I gradually summarized several principles for rapidly building wealth in Huaqiangbei. Over time, they began to trust me.One businesswoman followed my theoretical model, made a fortune through electronic component trading, and bought herself a Bentley. She later gave me a Bentley car model as a gift — to clarify, it was a miniature Bentley model car, not a female Bentley sales representative, so don’t get the wrong idea. At that moment, I quietly realized to myself: coming back to Huaqiangbei this time had absolutely been the right decision. Huaqiangbei has hosted several waves of wealth creation, where even the "one-meter counter" shop owners’ wives caught a glimpse of its fortune trajectory. In the 1980s, it was imported electronic "junk"; in the 1990s, MP3s, MP4s, and computer assembly; today, 3C digital products and trendy electronic gadgets. Recent years have seen shortages of capacitors, resistors, MOSFETs, and memory chips; high demand for brands like Texas Instruments (TI), Silans, and STMicroelectronics; and disruptions from events such as the Thailand floods, the Japan earthquake, and the US-China tariff conflicts — all of which helped Huaqiangbei’s bosses and their wives make substantial profits.After striking their first pot of gold in Huaqiangbei, these entrepreneurs continued to grow and strengthen their businesses. Figures such as Wang Li of Haon Optics, Gao Yunfeng of Han’s Laser, Chen Zhilie of EVOC Intelligent, Cai Huabo of Jiangbolong, Song Shiqiang of Kinghelm and Slkor, Wang Laobao of Interling, and Chen Haisheng of Meilong, have all carved out distinct positions in their respective industries. They grew strong through hands-on experience in Huaqiangbei, driven by its culture of boldness, innovation, resilience, and pragmatism. "Shanzhai Manufacturing and Maker Entrepreneurs" Ⅴ. Huaqiangbei Mobile Phone Specialized MarketsThe commercial landscape of Huaqiangbei is primarily composed of three major sectors: daily consumer shopping areas, the "Electronics Street," and specialized markets. Department stores and shopping malls such as Maoye, Rainbow, Dreams-on, and 9square serve consumers within a half-hour living radius. The "Electronics Street" is centered around Huaqiang Electronics Market, SEG Plaza, New Asia, and Metropolis Electronics City. Specialized markets cover sectors like foreign trade clothing, watches, security products, computer malls, telecommunications, and gifts, with over 50 markets exceeding 50,000 square meters at their peak.It is said that Pony Ma initially assembled computers in Huaqiangbei before founding Tencent, and Huang Zhang of Meizu once sold MP3 players there. At the time, Huaqiangbei had several major markets for mobile phones and peripheral products: Yuanwang Digital City on Huaqiang Road, Mingtong Mobile Accessories Market on Huafa North Road, and Tongtiandi, Longsheng, and Feiyang Times Markets in the podium floors (1–3) of Huaken Building on the south side of Shennan Road, which were relatively smaller in scale. Huaqiangbei’s "shop in front, factory in back" model brought together manufacturers of small household appliances and 3C digital products from across the country, alongside nationwide and global sales channels. This convergence of supply chain and distribution networks forms a key hub and is the core competitive strength of Huaqiangbei At that time, the first to third floors of Yuanwang Digital City in Huaqiangbei were almost entirely filled with stalls selling shanzhai mobile phones. Today, only a few counters remain tucked away in the corners of the second and third floors, but many of the old trading practices are still preserved. Typically, on the glass countertop of a one-meter-wide stall, there would be one or two laminated A4 sheets listing available phone models, specifications, and prices. Deals were negotiated directly at the counter, while bulk deliveries would be arranged at separate locations to ensure security.Yuanwang Digital City mainly sold smuggled Hong Kong-version and U.S.-version phones, as well as refurbished devices. The refurbished brands were primarily Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, and other major international brands. Meanwhile, markets such as Mingtong Mobile Market, Tongtiandi Market, Longsheng Mobile Market, and Feiyang Times Market mainly specialized in shanzhai phones.In Huaqiangbei, almost every type of refurbished phone could be found. Naturally, all device identification codes had already been altered. Matching phone motherboards and compatible software were also readily available. Once the casing and cover panels were assembled, technicians would flash the software onto the device, perform a quick functional test, and the phone was ready for sale. Add a leather case and a few accessories, and the product could immediately be pushed into the market in large quantities. Shanzhai Mobile Phone Counters in Huaqiangbei Behind every counter stood a gray-market supply chain. For example, since mobile phones in Hong Kong were often cheaper than those in Huaqiangbei, they were smuggled into Shenzhen through various channels. Along Shatoujiao’s Chung Ying Street — with one side belonging to Hong Kong and the other to Shenzhen — smugglers on the Hong Kong side would hide flip phones inside the inner tubes of off-road bicycles. The bicycles would then be ridden across into Shenzhen, where the phones could be delivered to Huaqiangbei and sold for profit. A 26-inch bicycle inner tube could conceal up to 25 mobile phones.Refurbished phone motherboards for brands such as Nokia were collected from developed countries and secretly transported into China through various channels. Meanwhile, the domestic supply chain already had complete support for phone casings, numeric keypads, and related accessories.Of course, some counters and merchants specialized in spare parts for feature phones and 3C digital products, while others focused on repairs and after-sales service. I remember that the after-sales repair centers for ZTE phones and Philips phones were located in SEG Science & Technology Park and the Modern Window Building respectively. Slkor ISO9001 Quality System & ISO14001 Environmental System Certification The business conducted through Huaqiangbei’s "one-meter counters" was supported by a massive sales network behind the scenes. There were distribution and agency channels reaching across mainland China, as well as international trading networks built over many years. One unique phenomenon was the "Huaqiangbei backpackers" — buyers from all over the world carrying backpacks as they came to Huaqiangbei for sourcing, purchasing, or bulk procurement. According to unofficial statistics, during its peak period, as many as 7,000 foreign visitors came to Huaqiangbei every day to purchase goods, inspect products, or place wholesale orders.Large quantities of shanzhai phones and other 3C digital products from Huaqiangbei were continuously exported to countries and regions such as India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Africa, and South America. This extensive sales network, in turn, drove the growth of a complete industrial chain behind Huaqiangbei’s 3C digital products, including repair services, upgrades, accessories, and related support industries. Products such as Bluetooth earphones, mobile phone leather cases, screen protectors, and refurbished laptops became increasingly comprehensive, while constant upgrades and iterations kept the market aligned with the latest trends.In the early days, the production cost of a Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone was around 700 to 800 RMB per unit, while the selling price could exceed 1,000 RMB. With larger production volumes, costs dropped further and profits became even more substantial. Around 2012, however, high-end smartphones led by Apple and Samsung emerged, and Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone supply chain struggled to keep pace technologically. Many companies could only barely survive.Then came Xiaomi, founded by Lei Jun, with the Redmi smartphone launching at a shockingly low price of 799 RMB. It rapidly captured most of the market previously occupied by Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phones, dealing the industry a devastating blow and effectively sending it into the ICU. Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone businesses were left with only a few choices: move elsewhere, upgrade and transform themselves, or be completely swept away by the tide of the market. Ⅵ. The Gray Ecosystem of "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones"Huaqiangbei has always carried a kind of inherited "Shanzhai DNA." In its early days, the SEG Electronics Market mainly sold assembled computers and peripheral products, and a very high proportion of components were either Shanzhai (third-party) or refurbished parts. People in the industry even had a specific name for Shanzhai computers—they called them "compatible machines."It is said that the founder of the Hedy computer brand started his business by selling these compatible machines in Huaqiangbei. The founder of Hasee Computer, Wu Haijun, also reportedly began by trading hard drives in the same area. At that time, the Shanzhai computer market mainly revolved around refurbished motherboards from brands like GIGABYTE, Acer, and ASUS, along with second-hand memory modules from Samsung and Kingston, and hard drives from Seagate. These low-cost but functional combinations made the business extremely active and gradually formed a gray ecosystem centered in Huaqiangbei and spreading across the Pearl River Delta.In the early stage of Shanzhai mobile phones, peripheral industries were still relatively limited. However, with the rise of smartphones, the ecosystem quickly expanded. Early smartphones such as iPhones were fragile and had weak battery life, which directly led to the rapid growth of supporting industries like protective cases and power banks. At the same time, companies developing charging chips and related components also emerged.As smartphones became more powerful and mobile applications (apps) exploded in popularity, the peripheral product ecosystem continued to expand. A complete commercial loop formed around accessories such as charging cables, phone straps, and decorative items, and these booths became extremely profitable.In 2013, while I was running a Hong Kong-style tea restaurant near Foxconn in Longhua—trying to scale Hong Kong-style milk tea using a McDonald’s-style chain model across China—I noticed that some Foxconn employees were quietly involved in unusual activities.Their operation model was roughly like this: during night shifts, employees involved in pilot production would secretly take out prototype Apple devices. Accomplices waiting outside would collect them, quickly pass them to nearby manufacturers for molding, duplication, and parameter replication, and then return the samples before the morning shift change. Because of this, within just a few days of a new iPhone launch, Huaqiangbei could already produce Shanzhai versions of the same model, along with a complete set of matching accessories.Core components such as Shanzhai phone motherboards, due to their high value and higher risk, were traded in a much more hidden and mobile manner. Behind this chain, there was often a key "underworld big boss" who acted as an intermediary, organizing relationships, controlling resources, and stabilizing prices to protect profit margins while also ensuring the safety of participants. Each link in the chain typically maintained single-line contact to reduce exposure.These motherboards were often transported in vans such as JAC or Jinbei minibuses, which would continuously circulate around major Huaqiangbei mobile phone markets. Transactions would be finalized inside the vehicle or after the vehicle stopped nearby once a deal was agreed.A friend who ran an SMT assembly factory once told me that at the peak of the Shanzhai phone era, each motherboard he processed generated a net profit of about 15 RMB. His factory could produce around 10,000 units per day, bringing in about 150,000 RMB daily. When the cash was collected, he felt an almost overwhelming sense of achievement, like becoming the pride of his hometown. This situation lasted for several months. Later, as money accumulated too quickly, he even began to worry about whether he could "hold onto it," and eventually considered withdrawing from the industry entirely. In the Chinese TV drama The Knockout, Gao Qiqiang says, "The bigger the storm, the more expensive the fish." The same was true for the shanzhai phone industry centered around Huaqiangbei’s supply chain ecosystem. Those who entered early and timed the market correctly became wealthy, creating countless millionaires and billionaires. Others, however, suffered devastating failures — some lost both their businesses and families, like Chen Jinling; some were framed or sabotaged by rivals and ended up in prison "working the sewing machines," like a certain mobile phone tycoon surnamed Zhang who had once come from ZTE.As more and more people flooded into the industry chasing profits, the methods became increasingly ruthless, and the reality grew harsher. There were even stories of buyers hiring gangsters armed with knives and guns to seize shipments of certain motherboard models at the Feiyang Shidai Market in order to monopolize supply. Meanwhile, the former SMT factory owner mentioned earlier now spends his time posting photos on WeChat Moments of fishing trips, sunshine, and outings with his young girlfriend.Behind Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone industry stood not only underground players, but also major mainstream technology companies. Around 2006, MediaTek and Spreadtrum Communications introduced turnkey solutions for shanzhai mobile phones in Huaqiangbei. At the same time, suppliers such as GalaxyCore with its CMOS image sensors, RDA Microelectronics with the RDA5800 chip integrating RF and digital processing functions, along with Telegent Systems and FocalTech, all shipped products in massive volumes through Huaqiangbei.In 2013, Maxscend developed a low-power GPS LNA solution that was first tested and validated in several shanzhai smartphones in Huaqiangbei before eventually entering Samsung’s official supply chain. In many ways, Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai ecosystem also helped nurture and accelerate the growth of China’s electronics industry.Of course, not everyone involved in the shanzhai phone business made money. The owner of Hongfu Chaoshan Restaurant on Huaqiang South Road sold his restaurant and invested everything into the declining shanzhai phone market, only to lose it all in the end. I still remember the excellent taste of their braised beef brisket hotpot with tofu skin, and the owner’s warm smile as he handed me cigarettes.Chen Jinling, once nicknamed the "Prince of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones," attempted to monopolize a best-selling phone model by stockpiling huge amounts of inventory. After his cash flow collapsed, his family fell apart and his mental state deteriorated. Today, he is often seen wandering aimlessly around Huaqiangbei.Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor will soon release Research on Huaqiangbei "Shanzhai Phones" (Part Ⅲ) — stay tuned! Slkor Hall Sensor SL1613SH for Industrial and Consumer Electronics Author IntroductionMr. Song is a popular science lecturer of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, a member of the Electronic Information Expert Database of the China Association for Science and Technology, a science columnist, and a well-known researcher of Huaqiangbei’s commercial ecosystem.The companies he invests in and operates include Shenzhen Slkor Semiconductor Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Kinghelm Electronics Co., Ltd.. The brands "SLKORSLKOR"ma brands." Iye anali m'gulu la oyamba kufotokoza ndi kulimbikitsa mwadongosolo malingaliro a "Mzimu wa Huaqiangbei" ndi "Chikhalidwe cha Huaqiangbei." Monga katswiri wa chikhalidwe, adakonza machitidwe amalonda a Huaqiangbei omwe adapangidwa mwadongosolo. Iye anasintha mfundo za chikhalidwe kukhala mfundo zinayi zofunika: kulimba mtima pochita zinthu zoopsa, kupanga zinthu zatsopano, kulimba mtima, ndi kuchita zinthu moyenera. Anafotokozanso mwachidule njira yosinthira mafakitale ya Huaqiangbei ngati "kutsanzira — kukonza zinthu zatsopano —," ndipo ananena kuti "kauntala iliyonse ya mita imodzi" ku Huaqiangbei kwenikweni ndi "gawo la kupanga zinthu zatsopano," zomwe zikuyimira mzimu wamalonda. Pozindikira kufunika kwa amalonda ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono ngati "ma capillaries" ogwira ntchito m'dongosolo lazachuma, adathandizira kulimbikitsa mphamvu zatsopano za chilengedwe chonse. Kuphatikiza apo, adapereka lingaliro lopulumuka la Huaqiangbei: "katundu wopepuka, kubwerezabwereza mwachangu, kusintha kwakukulu, ndi ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi chidziwitso," ndipo adayambitsa mwaluso chiphunzitso cha Huaqiangbei ngati "malo osungiramo zinthu." Chiphunzitsochi chikufotokoza momwe Huaqiangbei amagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo ngati chotetezera kuti azitha kupanga zinthu m'mwamba, agwirizane bwino ndi kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa zinthu, komanso achepetse zoopsa zamafakitale. Lingaliro ili lakhala limodzi mwa maziko ophunzirira chitukuko chachangu cha makampani a zamagetsi ku China pambuyo pa kusintha ndi kutsegulira. Pansi pa utsogoleri wake, Kinghelm Electronics wakhala akugwira ntchito kwambiri mu ukadaulo wa antenna woyendera wa Beidou/GPS, zomwe zimathandiza pakukula kwa makina odziyimira pawokha oyendera ndi kuyika magalimoto ku China. Slkor Semiconductor imayang'ana kwambiri pa zipangizo zamagetsi za silicon carbide, zomwe zimakula mofulumira m'magawo monga magalimoto atsopano amphamvu ndi ma photovoltaics. Pamodzi, mitundu iwiriyi imatumikira makasitomala opitilira 30,000 padziko lonse lapansi ndipo yakhala zizindikiro zoyimira kupanga zinthu mwanzeru ku China komwe kukuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, mawebusayiti ovomerezeka aku China ndi Chingerezi a Kinghelm ndi Slkor atsegula gawo la "Kufunsa Amalonda 100 Opambana mu Makampani Opanga Zamagetsi," kutsatsa mitundu ya semiconductor yaku China ndi zida zamagetsi pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndikulimbikitsa mabizinesi ochokera ku Huaqiangbei kuti achite nawo mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi. Woyang'anira Wamkulu Mr. Song adasankhidwa kukhala mphunzitsi mu gulu la akatswiri a bungwe la Chinese Institute of Electronics Mr. Song ndi mphunzitsi wofalitsa nkhani za sayansi pankhani ya chidziwitso cha zamagetsi komanso wolemba nkhani m'manyuzipepala. Kudzera m'mapulatifomu osiyanasiyana apaintaneti, amafalitsa nkhani zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha ndi kukweza nkhani ya Huaqiangbei kwa omvera padziko lonse lapansi. Kafukufuku wake amagwira ntchito pa Huaqiangbei, kuphatikizapo "Kafukufuku pa Huaqiangbei," "Kusintha ndi Kukula kwa Huaqiangbei," ndi "Kutsutsa Lipoti la Bloomberg pa Huaqiangbei," zasindikizidwanso kwambiri ndi nsanja zazikulu zoulutsira nkhani monga pulogalamu ya People's Daily Online, Xinhua News Agency, Associated Press, ndi Yahoo News. Kudzera m'mabuku awa, Huaqiangbei yasinthidwa bwino kuchokera ku malingaliro ake akale ngati "malo ogawa a Shanzhai" kukhala chizindikiro chatsopano ngati "gwero lazinthu zatsopano padziko lonse lapansi." Bambo. Song wakhala akugwira ntchito yodziwika bwino monga wofotokozera komanso wolankhulana padziko lonse lapansi za chithunzi cha Huaqiangbei, zomwe zathandiza kuti mbiri yake padziko lonse lapansi ipitirire patsogolo komanso kuti azidziwika.

Gao Feng ali ndi digiri ya bachelor mu semiconductors kuchokera ku Tsinghua University komanso digiri ya master mu microelectronics kuchokera ku China Institute of Microelectronics. Kuyambira atamaliza maphunziro ake zaka 30 zapitazo, wakhala akugwira ntchito mumakampani opanga ma semiconductor. Wagwira ntchito ku Microelectronics Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chartered Semiconductor, TSMC America, PDF Solutions, Huahong NEC, Intergreen Chip. Mu 2017, ndinalowa nawo Shixi Capital pakusintha ndalama. Ogwirizana nawo mu Capital. Tili nawo m'mapulojekiti opitilira 40 oyika ndalama omwe akukhudza unyolo wonse wamakampani opanga ma semiconductor, kuyambira IP, EDA, zipangizo mpaka kupanga, kulongedza ndi kuyesa.

Chodzikanira: Nkhaniyi yatengedwa kuchokera ku "Intaneti". Nkhaniyi ikungoyimira malingaliro a wolembayo, osati malingaliro a Sacco Micro ndi makampani. Ndi yongosindikizanso ndikugawana kuti ithandizire kuteteza ufulu waukadaulo. Chonde onetsani gwero loyambirira ndi wolembayo mukasindikizanso. Ngati pali kuphwanya kulikonse, chonde titumizireni uthenga kuti muchotse.

Pepalali ndi chithunzithunzi chamakampani opanga ma chip pambuyo polemba wolemba nawo Core Road ndi Guo Qihang. Ilo lagawidwa m'magawo asanu, omwe ndi: (1) "Atate ndi Mwana", akukamba za IDM ndi Foundry/Fabless. (2) "Agogo abwera lero", lankhulani za IDMP. (3) "Abambo Ovutitsa", kunena za IDM. (4) "Mwana Wamphamvu" amakamba za Foundry/Fabless model. (4) "Anthu onse aku China amafuna kukhala abambo, koma ana aamuna ndiye tsogolo", lomwe ndi malingaliro awo pa kufunitsitsa kwa makampani opanga mapangidwe apakhomo kuchita IDM pa mzere wopanga kapena IDM yopepuka. Isanafike 1987, mafakitale ambiri ophatikizika padziko lonse lapansi anali mu IDM, ndiko kuti, njira zitatu zopanga chip, kupanga ndi kuyesa ndi kuyika zidamalizidwa mkati mwa bizinesi. Intel, Samsung, Hynix ndi Micron ndi mabungwe oimira IDM. Kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo, mphamvu yopanga ma chip ya makampani akuluakulu a Intel IDM nthawi zina imapereka ntchito zochepa zokonza ndi kupanga ma chip kwa akunja ngati njira yochepetsera mavuto. Panthawiyo, panalibe ntchito yaukadaulo ya OEM pamsika.Son. Mu 1987, ndikukula kwakukula kwazinthu zamafakitale komanso kuchulukitsidwa kwapadera kwa magawo a anthu ogwira ntchito, mtundu wa Foundry-Fabless unachokera ku mtundu wa IDM. Kampani ya TSMC ku Taiwan Province inakhazikitsa kampani yoyamba padziko lonse yopanga ma chips a OEM, yomwe inamasula ma chips ku mabizinesi opanga ma chips omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri komanso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chuma chambiri. Makampani oyimira Foundry akuphatikizapo TSMC, Grofeld, UTC, SMIC, Hua Hong Group, ndi ena. Fabless ili ndi nyenyezi zambiri, monga Qualcomm, Broadcom, Nvidia, MediaTek, HiSilicon ndi zina zotero. Agogo akadali ndi moyo. Pali chitsanzo chakale, chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi IBM yoyambirira ya ku America, mayiko apakati a ku Ulaya ndi zimphona zaposachedwa za ku Japan. IDM imangophatikiza mapangidwe, kupanga, kulongedza ndi kuyesa. Poyerekeza ndi makampani a IDM ogwirizana monga Intel ku United States, makampani aku Japan si makampani a IDM kwenikweni. Amapita patsogolo kuposa IDM, ndipo kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinjewo zimagwirizana kwambiri. Tikhozanso kuyika makampani a semiconductor aku Japan. Mtundu uwu umatchedwa IDMP, Apa, P amatanthauza Zogulitsa, zomwe ndi chitsanzo cha agogo. Mpaka m'ma 1990, bizinesi ya semiconductor ku Japan inali pafupifupi madipatimenti onse ang'onoang'ono pansi pa magulu akuluakulu, ndipo kufunikira kwake kwa ukadaulo wa semiconductor ndi zinthu za chip kunachokera kuzinthu za terminal za gululo. Izi ndizosiyana kotheratu ndi mabizinesi a IDM monga Intel ku United States, omwe adzipereka kwathunthu kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi zogulitsa pamsika. Kasitomala wakale ndi kampani yake yaikulu, ndipo kufunikira kwake n'kokhazikika, koma n'zosavuta kukhala ndi kusinthasintha kosalekeza chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kampani yayikulu; Yomalizayi ndi msika wonse, wokhala ndi malo ambiri komanso zovuta zambiri zaukadaulo, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. IDMP yaku Japan, pachiyambi cha chitukuko cha semiconductor, Japan idapeza mwayi wotsogola chifukwa cha njira yake ya IDMP, makamaka kupambana kwabwino kwa mabizinesi aku Japan m'misika yama terminal monga zida zazing'ono zapakhomo, zomwe mwanjira ina zidapangitsa kuti makampani opanga semiconductor aku Japan apite patsogolo mwachangu, komanso omwe kale anali ndi magulu ophatikizana apakompyuta apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi monga Sony, NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi ndi Fujitsu. Zoyipa za IDMP ndizodziwikiratu. Choyamba, madipatimenti a semiconductor amagulu akulu ali ndi njira yokhazikika yogulitsira ndi njira ya R&D, kusowa kwa malo opikisana komanso zolimbikitsa zofooka zaukadaulo. Kachiwiri, dipatimenti ya semiconductor imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi dipatimenti yomaliza ya gululo. Ngati malonda a terminal ali abwino, ntchito ya dipatimenti ya semiconductor idzakhala yabwino, ndipo mosemphanitsanso. Japan nthawi ina idakhala ndi ntchito zambiri zakumunsi zamakina a semiconductor, kuphatikiza TV, PC, wailesi, zida zapakhomo, ndi zina zambiri. Malo ogulitsa akasamutsidwa kupita kumalo anzeru am'manja monga mafoni am'manja ndi mapiritsi, malo opangira ma terminal ku Japan akucheperachepera, zomwe zikuchititsa kusowa kwa makampani aku Japan pakati pa opanga mafoni asanu ndi limodzi apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa mafoni. Makampani opanga ma semiconductor aku Japan. Gawo la semiconductor, lomwe limapangidwa m'magulu akuluakulu, lilibenso chilimbikitso chofuna kupanga zatsopano, ndipo zopindulitsa za gululi sizili zabwino, kotero thandizo la R & D la gawo la semiconductor likuchepetsedwa mofanana. Mogwirizana ndi dongosolo lakale la ntchito ku Japan, achinyamata amafuna kugwira ntchito m’mafakitale akuluakulu kwa moyo wawo wonse. N'zovuta kuona kuwala kwa bizinesi ya semiconductor ya Silicon Valley ku United States kunja kwa magulu akuluakulu aku Japan. "IDMP mode" si khalidwe la dziko la Japan, ndipo makampani opanga semiconductor ku Europe ali ndi zomwezi. Siemens ku Germany ndi Philips ku Netherlands onse ndi magulu a mauthenga apakompyuta ophatikizidwa, ndipo magawo awo a semiconductor ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Mu 1999, Siemens Gulu la Germany adalekanitsa bizinesi yake ya semiconductor ndikukhazikitsa kampani yatsopano, yomwe ndi INFINEON yaku Germany, bizinesi ya IDM, yomwe ili yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi yamagalimoto apakompyuta masiku ano. Philips Group of the Netherlands inalekanitsa bizinesi yake ya semiconductor mu 2006 ndipo inakhazikitsa kampani yatsopano, yomwe ndi NXP Company of the Netherlands, yomwe ili pamwamba pa dziko lonse la magalimoto masiku ano. 三、Bambo wopondereza. Pali lingaliro lodziwika kuti makampani opanga mapangidwe amatha kuchita IDM pamzere wopanga akakhala ndi zikhalidwe. Mtengo wotsegulira fakitale ya chip pamapeto otsika ndi USD 1 biliyoni, ndipo ngati mukufuna kugwira ntchito pa UTC kapena Grofond, mtengo wake ndi USD 50 biliyoni. Mtsogoleri wa MediaTek ku Taiwan Province nthawi ina adati: "Ngati ndalama zomwe kampani ya IDM imapeza zipitirira USD 5 biliyoni, ndikukhulupirira kuti ikhoza kukhalabe ndi zinthu zawozawo, koma ngati ndi fakitale yapakatikati yosakwana USD 2 biliyoni kapena USD 3 biliyoni, ndikuwopa kuti iyenera kukhala kampani yopanga mapangidwe ya Fabless." Chiganizochi chingamvekenso ngati, ngati ndalama zomwe kampani yopanga ma chips imapeza pachaka zikafika pa $5 biliyoni, ndiye kuti njira ya IDM ikhoza kuganiziridwa pankhani ya mphamvu zachuma. Ndalama zomwe MediaTek idapeza mu 2021 zinali zokwera kufika $17.4 biliyoni, zomwe zidapitilira malire ake azachuma oti athe kumanga fakitale yake ya IDM, kenako sanasankhe chonchi. Pafupifupi ma IDM onse adakhazikitsidwa isanafike 1990.30 Kwa zaka zambiri, kuyambira pamenepo, palibe kampani yayikulu yopanga yomwe yasintha IDM. Kuphatikizapo Qualcomm (ndalama 26.8 biliyoni USD mu 2021), Broadcom (ndalama 18.7 biliyoni USD mu 2021), Nvidia (ndalama 16.2 biliyoni USD mu 2021) ndi zina zotero. Monga kampani yodziwika bwino ya IDM, AMD idachotsa makampani ake onse opanga ma chip mu 2015, kutanthauza Grofeld Company ya masiku ano ku United States, ndipo idachoka mu IDM mode. Mukuti nchifukwa chiyani abambo ndi olamulira? Zifukwa ziwiri: Choyamba, kukhala IDM kumafuna ndalama zambiri. Zida zake zamafakitale sizingokhala ndi ndalama zambiri nthawi imodzi, komanso zimafunikira ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri zaka 2-3 zilizonse, zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri zowononga ndalama. Ngakhale mu likulu la United States lolemera kwambiri, Intel yekha ndiye ali ndi mwayi wotsogolera makampani apakompyuta, omwe amawathandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pakupanga luso lamakono, ndikupangitsa kukhala mtsogoleri wosayerekezeka pa ntchitoyi, ndikudalira phindu lokhalokha mosalekeza. ndalama m'mafakitole. Ponena za Micron, kampani ina ya IDM ku United States, ilinso chifukwa chakuti ili m'dera lotsika mtengo ku United States (Idaho), zomwe zimathandiza kuti ipulumuke mafunde ochepa a semiconductors m'zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Chachiwiri, makampani a IDM amanga zotchinga zazitali kwambiri, ndipo ambiri a iwo ali pamalo otsogola mumakampani, kaya ndi Intel ya CPU, Texas Instruments ya analog chips, Samsung, Hynix ndi Micron ya memory chips. Mwana wodabwitsa Kubadwa kwa Foundry-Fabless mode kwachepetsa kwambiri malire a kapangidwe ka chip. Akatswiri angapo odziwa bwino ntchito za ma chip akhoza kukhazikitsa gulu loti lichite bizinesi yopanga ma chip, kenako n’kulipirira makampani opanga ma chip kuti azitha kukonza ndikupanga zinthu zodziyimira pawokha. Ndalama zamabizinesi a Fabless zikukweranso, ndipo akupikisana ndi zimphona zachikhalidwe za IDM. Anthu akatswiri opanga Foundry amachita zinthu zaukadaulo, amalimbikira kukulitsa ndalama za R&D, kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mphamvu, kuchepetsa ndalama, ndikupanga ndalama zambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2018, kuchuluka kwa makampani a Foundry ndi Fabless kumaposa kwambiri Intel, kampani yotsogola ya IDM munthawi yomweyi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti Grofangde, yopangidwa ndi AMD, yakhala kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo magwiridwe antchito ake akhala osakwanira. Yakhala ikuvutika ndi kutayika kwa ndalama kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe sizingafanane ndi phindu la pachaka la TSMC yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imaposa 30%, ndipo maubwino ake ndi oipa kwambiri kuposa a SMIC ndi Hua Hong Group, omwe ndi makampani akuluakulu achisanu ndi achisanu ndi chimodzi. Izi, zikusonyeza kuti bizinesi yopanga ma chips pansi pa AMD IDM yoyambirira ilibe ukatswiri komanso mtengo wake, komanso ilibe mpikisano pamsika. Kodi ikuwononga ndalama zakale za bizinesi yokonza mapulani? Abambo onse akupita ku njira ya mwana. Ngakhale kuti abambo anga ndi olamulira, nthawi zina amamva kuti ali ndi mlandu. Chifukwa chakuti atate amafunikira kulongosola mbali zonse ndi kuyang’anira mbali zonse za zochitika, pamene akupikisana ndi achichepere, kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kutero m’mbali zina. Mu ntchito ya semiconductor, abambo otchuka akuyandikira kwambiri njira ya mwana.1. Mwachitsanzo, AMD ku United States imaganizira chilichonse mbali ndi mbali, ndipo imapeza kuti fakitale yayikuluyi yakhudza ndalama zomwe imagwiritsa ntchito popanga mapulani. Yagawa fakitale, ndipo dzanja losweka la mwamuna wamphamvuyo likhoza kukhala lowalanso.2. Mwachitsanzo, Samsung Electronics ya dzulo yakulitsa bwino bolodi la Foundry kuchokera ku 100%IDM, ndipo yakhala kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri yopanga ma chip foundry padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa TSMC, ndipo yakhazikitsa cholinga "chopanga ma chip foundry kukhala nambala wani padziko lonse lapansi pofika chaka cha 2030".3. Mwachitsanzo, makampani a Texas Instruments, Infineon ndi NXP Renesas a dzulo sanakakamizenso 100%IDM, koma adapereka kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kupanga ma chip ku TSMC ndi makampani ena opangira zitsulo.4. Mwachitsanzo, Intel ya masiku ano yapeza kuti kusintha kwa ukadaulo wopanga ma chip sikunachitike ndi TSMC yachinyamata, ndipo ikukayikira kuphunzira AMD. 五、Anthu aku China onse amafuna kukhala abambo, koma ana aamuna ndiye tsogolo. Tsopano tikutha kuona kuti TSMC, Qualcomm, Nvidia, Broadcom, ndi zina zotero. ndasankha chitsanzo chaching'ono kwambiri cha "Foundry/Fabless", chomwe chili ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu! Intel, Texas Instruments, NXP, Infineon, ndi zina zotero. mwasankha kutsatira njira ya IDM, yomwe ndi yokhwima komanso yokhazikika! Makampani a semiconductor aku Japan okha padziko lonse lapansi akhala akutsatira njira za agogo, ndipo ndi okalamba komanso okalamba! Mpaka pomwe mitsubishi electric Semiconductor Division, Hitachi Semiconductor Division ndi NEC Electronics zidakumana ndi ntchito yovuta, zidalekanitsa likulu lawo ndikukonzanso kukhala Renesas Electronics pomwe ma semiconductor aku Japan adalowa pang'ono mu IDM mode kuchokera mu IDMP mode. Machitidwe aku China ndi osiyana. Lingaliro lofala ndilakuti China ikukumana ndi kutsekedwa kwaukadaulo kwa United States komanso dziko lonse lakumadzulo, ndipo idzakumana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha makampani akunja opanga ma chip foundry omwe amakana kuwagulitsa. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti makampani opanga mapulani asinthe IDM. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka zaposachedwa, Hangzhou Shilanwei, Wuxi Huarunwei, BYD Semiconductor, Gekewei, Wentai ndi Zhuoshengwei onse akusintha kukhala IDM mode. Wolembayo akukhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kuti makampani ena opanga ma chip omwe ali ndi mphamvu zachuma amange mafakitale kuti athetse vuto la kupezeka kwa magetsi pakapita nthawi. Kuchokera pazochitika zenizeni, mabizinesi okhudzana nawo amayang'ana kwambiri paukadaulo wosapita patsogolo monga kuyerekezera ndi mphamvu, zomwe zili kutali kwambiri ndi kuthetsa ludzu, ndipo sizingakhutitsidwe ndi akatswiri oyambitsa maphunziro munthawi yochepa pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, makampani a OEM omwe ali patsogolo ali otanganidwa ndi kukulitsa mphamvu zopangira zinthu zapamwamba za mainchesi 12, ndipo alibe mphamvu zambiri pa njira zosapita patsogolozi. Chachiwiri, momwe zinthu zilili mdziko la China, makampani akuluakulu a OEM m'deralo ali kutali kwambiri ndi siteji yomwe TSMC ili ndi phindu lalikulu ndipo imatha kudzipangira ndalama zobwezeretsanso, kotero amadalira kwambiri ndalama zochokera ku nsanja zoyikira ndalama zamafakitale zadziko lonse ndi maboma am'deralo. Monga tonse tikudziwa, mosasamala kanthu za maunduna aboma kapena maboma am'deralo, amakonda kupanga mizere ndi zinthu zapamwamba, zazikulu komanso zapamwamba, akuyembekezera kupita patsogolo m'malo mongoyembekezera "zomangamanga zochepa". Chifukwa chake, ngakhale makampani akuluakulu oyambitsa zinthu zoyambira amazindikira phindu la njira zosapita patsogolo, n'zovuta kupeza ndalama zokwanira kuti amalize mainchesi 8 kapena mainchesi 124.5 Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu za nanometer zotsatirazi. Komabe, pamapeto pake, zimatengera momwe mtengo wake ulili komanso mpikisano wamsika wa zinthu. Kodi padzakhala mabizinesi angapo kapena mazana ambiri a semiconductor ku China omwe ali odziwa kupanga chip, kupanga chip ndi kasamalidwe ka fakitale? Mwachiwonekere, ayi, pambuyo pa zonse, pali ukadaulo mumakampani, ndipo sizotsimikizika kuti mutha kukwaniritsa cholinga chokongola ndi chifuniro champhamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani ena akuluakulu amagetsi am'nyumba, makampani akuluakulu a magalimoto, makampani akuluakulu olumikizirana, ndi makampani akuluakulu amagetsi apita kukapanga ma chips pamasom'pamaso. Ngakhale kuti kuphatikiza kwa kapangidwe ka ma chip, kupanga, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito sikunapangidwebe, chitsanzo cha kapangidwe ka ma chip + kasitomala chikutengera njira yakale ya chitsanzo cha agogo a IDMP aku Japan. Sindikuganiza kuti iyi ndi njira yothetsera mavuto kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndikuganiza kuti m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, mabizinesi a IDM ku China adzagawidwa m'magawo atatu: Choyamba, akadali bizinesi ya IDM, makamaka mu kuyerekezera ndi kusungira. Chachiwiri, kupanga kumachotsedwa ndikubwezeretsedwa kumakampani opanga ma chip. Chachitatu, kusamutsa ufulu wolamulira kumakampani opanga ma chip sikuti kumangotsimikizira kuti mphamvu yoyambirira yopangira ikupezeka, komanso kumapewa kusokoneza mphamvu zambiri pabizinesi yopanga yomwe siili bwino. Njira yachitatu ndiyo njira yomwe Sony Group of Japan ikupita. Sony ndi kampani yotsogola padziko lonse lapansi yoona zithunzi za CMOS ndipo nthawi zonse yakhala ikugwira ntchito ndi IDM; Popeza kuti zoona zithunzi za Sony CMOS zinkagulitsidwa makamaka kwa makamera, mafoni am'manja, makamera apakanema ndi magawo ena amalonda mkati mwa gululo, Sony panthawiyo inali kampani ya IDMP. Lero, Sony yasankha kugwirizana ndi TSMC kuti ipange mzere wopanga makina apamwamba wa mainchesi 12 ku Japan, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa mphamvu zopangira za Sony, ndipo boma la Japan lapereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira. Chodzikanira: Nkhaniyi yatengedwa kuchokera ku "Intaneti". Nkhaniyi ikungoyimira maganizo a wolembayo, osati maganizo a Sacco Micro ndi makampani. Ndi za kusindikizanso ndi kugawana zinthu kuti zithandize kuteteza ufulu wa nzeru. Chonde onetsani gwero loyambirira ndi wolemba pamene mukusindikizanso. Ngati pali kuphwanya kulikonse, chonde titumizireni uthenga kuti muchotse.

Msika wa zamagetsi wamakono umafuna kuphatikiza ntchito zambiri zothamanga kwambiri pa bolodi laling'ono losindikizidwa (PCBS) pa bolodi limodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa opanga kupanga mawaya kuti aziyika mawaya pafupi kwambiri kuti akonze bwino ma phukusi ndi malo. Kuyandikira kumeneku kungayambitse kulumikizidwa kosayembekezereka kwa minda yamagetsi, chinthu chodziwika kuti Crosstalk (onani Chithunzi 1).

Makampani opanga ma semiconductor ndiye makampani ofunikira kwambiri kuti amange mphamvu za sayansi ndi ukadaulo ku China, ndipo magawo a semiconductor ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri podziwa kukula kwabwino kwa makampani opanga ma semiconductor ku China. Ngakhale kuti makampani opanga ma semiconductor ku China ali mu gawo lofulumizitsa chitukuko, makampani opanga ma semiconductor akunyumba akukumanabe ndi mavuto ambiri, monga kuchepa kwa malo okhala, kusakwanira kwa chithandizo ndi ndalama kwa nthawi yayitali, kufooka kwa luso lodziyimira pawokha la mabizinesi, mgwirizano wosauka wamakampani opanga ma semiconductor, kusowa kwa maphunziro aluso ndi njira zolimbikitsira. Pepalali lidzafotokoza mwachidule makhalidwe a chitukuko ndi mabizinesi ofunikira a makampani opanga ma semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi, kuphunzira kukula kwa msika ndi kapangidwe ka chitukuko kunyumba ndi kunja, ndikupereka malingaliro oyenera a chitukuko cha mavuto akuluakulu omwe makampani opanga ma semiconductor akumayiko akukumana nawo pakadali pano.

(Nasdaq: SNPS) ndi kampani yotsogola yopereka zida zamapulogalamu a electronic design automation (EDA) opangira ma circuit ophatikizika padziko lonse lapansi. Kuti ipereke njira yapamwamba yopangira ndi kutsimikizira msika wamagetsi wapadziko lonse lapansi, yodzipereka pakupanga makina ovuta pa chip (SoC). Synopsys imaperekanso ntchito zaukadaulo ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njira yopangira zinthu ikhale yosavuta komanso kuti zinthu zifike pamsika mwachangu.

Pamene Python idakhala chilankhulo chodziwika bwino cha mapulogalamu, MicroPython idadziwika kwambiri m'malo ophatikizidwa, makamaka mu ESP32 yotchuka komanso gawo la RP2040 loyang'anira microcontroller-based Pico lomwe langotulutsidwa ndi Raspberry PI Foundation.

Malinga ndi TrendForce, kufunikira kwa zinthu pambuyo pa mliri, kusintha kwa kulumikizana, zoopsa zandale komanso mantha omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nthawi yayitali akupitilizabe kufalikira mu kotala lachiwiri, ndipo chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo kwa kotala loyamba, zokolola za mafakitale zidafika $24.407 biliyoni mu kotala lachiwiri, zomwe zidakwera ndi 6.2% kuyambira kotala lachitatu la 2019. Zakhazikitsa mitengo yatsopano kwa magawo asanu ndi atatu otsatizana.

Pamene kuchuluka kwa ma transistor a IC kukuyandikira malire enieni, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kukonza magwiridwe antchito a IC pongowongolera njira zopangira. Ponena za momwe mungapangire nthawi ya pambuyo pa Moore ya makampani a IC, dziko lapansi likuyang'ana kwambiri ukadaulo watsopano, njira zatsopano, ndi njira zatsopano. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso laukadaulo ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale a China mu nthawi ya pambuyo pa Moore, China Semiconductor Industry Association ndi China Electronics News pamodzi adayambitsa malipoti angapo otchedwa "Akatswiri a Maphunziro amalankhula za Kusintha kwa Ukadaulo mu Nthawi ya Pambuyo pa Moore", omwe adzafunsa akatswiri aukadaulo m'magawo okhudzana kuti akambirane za njira yopititsira patsogolo makampani a semiconductor mu nthawi ya pambuyo pa Moore.

(Kupitilira kuchokera ku Gawo I: Kapangidwe ka Ma Circuit Ophatikizana, Gawo II: Kupanga Ma Circuit Ophatikizana, Gawo III: Kupaka Koyambira, Kuyesa, ndi Kupaka Kotsogola) 5. Zipangizo zopangira zinthu za semiconductor (1) Chidule cha Zipangizo Zopangira Semiconductor Makampani Ang'onoang'ono ndi Apakatikati Pali mitundu yambiri ya zida zopangira ndi kukonza zinthu za semiconductor zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati pa njira iliyonse yopangira semiconductor. Pali zida zapadera za semiconductor (zokonzekera kale) zopangira ma wafer opanda kanthu (zipangizo), zida zopangira ma wafer opanda kanthu kukhala ma wafer omaliza (zokonzekera pambuyo), ndi zida zopangira ma photomasks (kupanga ma mask). Opanga ma chip amafuna zida zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito pamakina awo opangira. Mtengo wa zida zovuta zopangira semiconductor kutsogolo ndi chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimachititsa kuti nsalu za semiconductor zikhale zokwera mtengo, kuphatikizapo mtengo wopangira nsalu zoyera kwambiri. Zipangizo zopangira ma semiconductor kutsogolo zimaphatikizapo zida zopangira ma chip monga photolithography, etching, doping kapena ion implantation, deposition, polishing, kapena chemical mechanical planarization. Chofunika kwambiri ndi zida zosungira zitsulo-zachilengedwe (MOCVD), mtundu winawake wa zida zosungira zomwe zimayika zigawo zoonda za zitsulo zina, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga ma semiconductors ophatikizika, kuphatikizapo omwe amachokera ku GaAs ndi GaN. Zida zopangira semiconductor zakumbuyo za SME zimaphatikizapo ATP ndi zida zonyamula zapamwamba. (2) Zomwe zikuchitika panopa Zipangizo zopangira ma semiconductor zikulamulidwa ndi makampani ku US (gawo la 41.7% pankhani ya ndalama zomwe amagulitsa), Japan (31.1%) ndi Netherlands (18.8%). South Korea ili ndi gawo la 2.2%, ndipo pafupifupi 6.2% yotsalayo imagawidwa ndi China, Germany, Taiwan, Israel, Canada, ndi mayiko ena aku Southeast Asia ndi Europe. Makampani ambiri opanga zida zopangira zida za semiconductor ku South Korea ndi a Samsung kapena SK Hynix, ndipo makasitomala akuluakulu a makampani opanga zida za semiconductor ku South Korea ndi makampani opanga zida za semiconductor ku South Korea. Ngakhale palinso kampani yaku China yomwe imapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zopangira ma semiconductor, makampani aku China alibe gawo lalikulu la gulu lililonse la zida zopangira ma semiconductor kupatula kuphatikiza kumbuyo, zida zolongedza ndi MOCVD. Ponseponse, dziko la US ndilo limapanga zida zambiri zopangira semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula zida zopangira lithography zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ku Netherlands ndi Japan. A US Komanso ndi gawo lalikulu la kupanga zida zoyesera za back-end padziko lonse lapansi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, dziko la United States lili ndi gawo laling'ono pamsika pamakampani opanga zida zopangira zida za semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi (zopangira ndi kulongedza), pomwe dziko la China lili ndi gawo lalikulu. Ngakhale kuti China pakadali pano imadalira kwambiri zida zopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi semiconductor zomwe sizichokera ku China (kupatulapo zolongedza ndi MOCVD), ikuyika ndalama zambiri kuti ipange zida zotere. Ndalama zimenezi zimapatsa makampani opindula mwayi waukulu popanga ndi kupanga zida zamakono za chip poyerekeza ndi makampani ena. Monga momwe tchati chili pansipa chikusonyezera, pomwe US Ili ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika popanga makampani ambiri ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati, kupatulapo zida zodziwika bwino ndi lithography scan/stepper, zomwe pafupifupi zonse zimapangidwa ndi kampani yaku Dutch ASML ndi makampani aku Japan a Nikon and Canon. Pa makina ojambulira mawu, ASML (Netherlands) ndiye kampani yokhayo yopanga ma stepper/scanner a EUV, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri popanga ma circuits ophatikizidwa okhala ndi mulifupi wa mizere ya 5 nm kapena kuchepera. Komabe, opanga ma semiconductor awiri okha, TSMC ndi Samsung, ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina a EUV popanga, ndipo chipangizo chimodzi chimawononga ndalama zoposa $100 miliyoni. ASML ndi Nikon onse amapanga makina ojambulira a deep ultraviolet (DUV) omwe amawonetsa kuwala kudzera mu photomask ndikupanga chithunzi chochepetsedwa cha mawonekedwe a photomask pa wafer. Kunja kwa Netherlands ndi Japan, gawo la zida za lithography zomwe US ​​ndi mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito makamaka tchipisi tochepa kapena zopangira ma photomasks. Zida zopangira semiconductor zimatha kukhala ndi zida zopitilira 100, ndipo zida zopangira semiconductor ndi zowonjezera ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri lamalonda mumakampaniwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Manufacturers Census, theka la anthu aku US Ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa zimapita ku zipangizo zopangira semiconductor ndi zipangizo zina. Oposa 130 aku US makampani amapereka zida zofunika kwambiri pazida zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndi makampani akunja. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Cymer (USA) imapanga ma laser a makina a ASML a EUV stepper/scanner lithography. ASML idagula Cymer mu 2013, koma Cymer ikadali gawo lodziyimira payokha la ASML lomwe lili ku US. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malonda komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha misika yochepa komanso makasitomala ochepa, makampani ambiri akuluakulu opanga zida amapanga mitundu ingapo ya zida kuti apatse makasitomala zida zonse ndi njira zosamalira. Makampani opanga zida zojambulira/zojambulira monga ASML ndi osiyana ndi lamuloli chifukwa cha ukadaulo wapadera wa zidazi. Lam Research, Tokyo Electron (TEL) imayang'ana kwambiri pa kuyika ndi kuyika zinthu, pomwe KLA imayang'ana kwambiri pa metrology ndi kuyang'anira. Chinthu chimodzi chosiyana ndi zipangizo zotsogola ku Japan ndi Netherlands ndi zida za MOCVD, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma semiconductor opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina kupatula silicon monga GaN ndi GaAs, kuphatikizapo ma LED, ma laser diode ndi ma photonic chips ena, zida zamagetsi/RF ndi maselo a dzuwa. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ma chips a GaN ali ndi mphamvu zodzitetezera. Zipangizo za MOCVD zimapangidwa ndi Veeco (USA), Aixtron (Germany) ndi AMEC (China). China ikuyesera kupeza gawo la msika pamsika wa MOCVD kudzera mu kugula. Mu 2016, kampani yaku China ya Fujian Grand Chip Investment Fund, kampani yomwe idapangidwa pa mgwirizanowu, kuphatikizapo mabungwe aboma ndi madera, idayesa kugula Aixtron, koma mgwirizanowu udaletsedwa ndi Purezidenti Obama pambuyo poti Komiti Yoona za Ndalama Zakunja ku United States (CFIUS) yawunikanso, mwina kuti wogulitsayo adasiya kupereka mwayi wogula. Makampani atatu apamwamba kwambiri opangira zida zolembera ndi Lam Research (US), Tokyo Electron (Japan), ndi Applied Materials (US). Makampani aku China, kuphatikizapo AMEC, ali ndi luso pakupanga zinthu ndipo amatha kupereka zida zogwiritsira ntchito pamtengo wotsika, komabe, gawo lawo pamsika ndi pafupifupi 1% yokha. A US ili ndi gawo laling'ono pamsika (4.9%) m'makampani osungira zinthu ang'onoang'ono poyerekeza ndi zida zopangira zinthu za semiconductor. Japan ili ndi gawo lalikulu la zida zopakira (35.7%), kutsatiridwa ndi China (22.9%) ndi Netherlands (11.1%). Komabe, Kulicke and Soffa, kampani yochokera ku US, ndi kampani yotsogola kwambiri yopangira zida zopangira zinthu za semiconductor. A US ndipo Japan ikutsogolera pakupanga zida zoyesera za backer-end (ATP) ndi gawo la msika la 33.5% ndi 48.6% motsatana. (3) Zipangizo zopangira ma semiconductor, chiopsezo cha United States Kudalira malonda akunja (osati aku US): Pamene US ili ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika wa zida zopangira semiconductor, US opanga amadalira kwambiri malonda akunja. Monga opanga zida zazikulu kwambiri zopangira zida zamagetsi, Taiwan, China ndi South Korea ndi omwe ali ndi misika yayikulu kwambiri yopangira zida zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ngakhale kuti Taiwan ikuyembekezeka kubwereranso pamalo ake ngati msika waukulu kwambiri wa zida zopangira ma semiconductor mu 2021 ndi 2022, chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zomwe zimafunika ndi ma chip fabs, lipoti la Applied Materials ndi Lam Research likuti pafupifupi 90% ya ndalama zonse zomwe amapeza mu 2020 zidzachokera ku malonda omwe si aku US. Ndalama zomwe Lam Research amapeza kuchokera ku China zidakwera kuchoka pa 16% mu 2018 kufika pa 31% mu 2020. Zotsatira zake, US Opanga zida zopangira semiconductor ali pachiwopsezo chokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ziletso zamalonda pakati pa US ndi China kapena kusintha kosayembekezereka kwa kufunikira ku Asia. Zotsatira zake zitha kupitirira kutsika kwa ndalama zomwe zilipo panopa, chifukwa opanga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi amakumana ndi vuto la kutsekedwa kwa zipangizo, ndipo kusintha ogulitsa zida kumafuna kukonzanso kwakukulu. Mwachitsanzo, Lam Research inanena mu lipoti lake la pachaka la 2020 kuti, "Wopanga zinthu zamagetsi akangodzipereka kugula zida zopangira zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi za wopikisana naye, nthawi zambiri wopangayo amapitiliza kugula zida za wopikisana naye, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti tigulitse kwa kasitomalayo mtsogolo." zida.” Kuphatikiza apo, kugulitsa zida zopangira ma semiconductor kumangoperekedwa ku mayunivesite ndi makampani opanga ma semiconductor omwe ali ndi zinthu zopangidwa. Makampani opanga zida za semiconductor sangathe kukulitsa makasitomala awo kunja kwa magulu awa chifukwa zida zotere ndi zapadera kwa makampani opanga zida za semiconductor. Ndalama zothandizira kupanga zida zopangira semiconductor zikusokoneza msika: Kuphatikiza apo, China ikukonzekera kupereka ndalama zothandizira kupanga zida zopangira semiconductor mdzikolo. Gawo lachiwiri la China National Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund likuyang'ana kwambiri pa makina odulira, zida zosungiramo zinthu, zoyesera ndi zida zoyeretsera ma wafer, ndi ndalama zoyambira $28.9 mpaka $47 biliyoni. Ndalama zothandizirazi zimasunga makampani aku China akuchita bizinesi, ngakhale kuti ambiri akuoneka kuti sachita phindu. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi bungwe la Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), "kuyika ndalama m'maboma kwakhudza bwino momwe makampani opanga zinthu ku China amagwirira ntchito," komwe kuwonjezeka kwa chuma cha makampani sikunafanane ndi kukula kwa phindu. Ndalama zothandizira izi zimapatsa makampani aku China ndalama zoti azigwiritsa ntchito pofufuza ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano zopangira semiconductor, zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi waukulu kuposa makampani omwe si aku China omwe salandira ndalama zothandizira zimenezi. Mosiyana ndi kale, opanga zida zopangira ma semiconductor masiku ano sakufuna kuyika ndalama mu R&D kuti apeze kukula kwa ma wafer a m'badwo wotsatira, chifukwa cha R&D yayikulu komanso ndalama zogulira zida zopangira ma semiconductor komanso kusatsimikizika kwa nthawi ndi komwe kupanga ma chip apamwamba kudzachitikira.

(Tsatirani gawo loyamba pamwambapa: Kapangidwe ka Ma Circuit Ogwirizana (Zokhudza Kupanga Ma Circuit Ogwirizana (1) Kuyerekeza Koyambira kwa Citigroup kwa Makampani Ogwirizana Opanga Ma Circuit Zogulitsa zama semiconductor zimayendetsa pafupifupi gawo lililonse lazachuma, kuphatikiza mphamvu, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ulimi, zamagetsi ogwiritsa ntchito, kupanga, ndi mayendedwe. Kufunika kwa ma semiconductor padziko lonse lapansi mu 2019 ndi: mafoni am'manja (26%), zomangamanga zazidziwitso ndi kulumikizana (kuphatikiza malo osungira deta, maukonde olumikizirana) (24%); Makompyuta (19%), mafakitale (12%), magalimoto (10%) ndi zamagetsi ogwiritsa ntchito (10%). Pafupifupi 9% ya mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana awa amathandizira mwachindunji chitetezo cha dziko ndi zofunikira

(Gawo Loyamba: Kapangidwe ka ma circuit ophatikizidwa; ATP (Kupanga, Kuyesa, ndi Kupaka) ndi kuyika kwapamwamba (1) Kwa ATP ya semiconductor ya back-end yotsika mtengo, United States imadalira kwambiri chuma chakunja chomwe chili ku Asia. (2) Pamene ma chips akukhala ovuta kwambiri, njira zapamwamba zoyikapo zikuyimira madera omwe angapangitse kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwaukadaulo. Komabe, US si malo otchipa oti apange makampani amphamvu oyikapo poyikapo chifukwa alibe zinthu zofunika; (3) Mogwirizana ndi izi,

Zowopsa, thetsani zopinga ndikupanga njira yoperekera kulimba kwa unyolo.

"Kodi semiconductor yaku China ingagwirizane ndi dziko lapansi kwa zaka zingati? Yankho lomwe ndinapereka zaka ziwiri zapitazo ndilakuti phukusili lakwaniritsa bwino kwambiri dziko lonse lapansi. Kapangidwe kake kamatenga zaka 5 mpaka 10. Kukumbukira kumatenga zaka 10-15. Zipangizo/zipangizozo zimatenga zaka 10-20, ndipo malire apamwamba adzakhala ocheperako." Chithunzi: Chen Datong, mnzake wa Puhua Capital, posachedwapa, Chen Datong adabwera ku Sand Dune Academy kuti adzagawane bizinesi yake ya semiconductor komanso malingaliro ake okhudza ndalama m'zaka makumi atatu zapitazi. Nkhaniyi ikugawana zomwe zili mu desensitization: Kodi mungapange ndalama kuti muyike ndalama mumakampani a semiconductor aku China? Ndinapita ku Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Qingke mu 2009. Pamsonkhano wapachaka, anthu ena adati mafakitale onse ku China amatha kupanga ndalama, kupatula ma semiconductor. Ndinachita semiconductor kwa moyo wanga wonse, ndipo ndinalimbikitsidwa panthawiyo.

"Maulendo ophatikizika kapena tchipisi ndi chakudya chamakampani"

Kutsata chitetezo ndi chilengedwe chonse cha m'deralo cha unyolo wopereka zinthu zamagetsi ku China ndi njira yovuta pang'onopang'ono. Gawo loyamba linali kupanga ndi kupanga tchipisi tokha, kenako kufunikira kwa zida zapakhomo kunapezeka. Koma zoona zake zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale zidazo zitha kupangidwa mokwanira. United States ivomereza makampani opanga zida za wafer aku China, ndipo opanga zida ena aku China ayenera kugonjera ku United States. Chifukwa chachikulu ndikudalirabe United States pazinthu zofunika. Poyerekeza ndi zidazo, zidazo sizazikulu pankhani ya zida, koma ndizofala kwambiri.

Pa 23 February, kampani yayikulu yoyeserera makampani ku Texas Instrument (TI) italengeza za kusankhidwa kwa Jiang Han kukhala wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Texas Instrument Company komanso Purezidenti wa China, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wakale wa Texas Instrument ndi Ms. Hu Yuhua (Sandy Hu) adakhala makampani. Cholinga chachikulu, chifukwa 2020 ndi chaka chomwe ndalama zomwe TI amapeza zimakhala zochulukirapo, Ms. Hu Yuhua adasankha kubwerera m'mbuyo ndipo adati adzadzitsutsanso. Kodi angadzitsutse bwanji?

Mu zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, sensa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chizindikiro choyambirira cha dziko lakunja, kuphatikizapo phokoso, chithunzi, kutentha, chinyezi, kupanikizika, ndi zizindikiro za kuwala, ndikusintha zizindikiro zakuthupi kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya magetsi/magetsi. Masensa achikhalidwe ndi a mankhwala amangopeza zizindikiro zakunja ndipo alibe mphamvu yowerengera ndi kukonza. Ndi kusintha kwa ukadaulo wopanga, kukula ndi zofunikira pamtengo, masensa a MEMS otengera njira ya Microelectronics System (MEMS) akuchulukirachulukira. Pogwiritsa ntchito masensa ambiri, foni yam'manja ndiyoyenera kuiganizira kwambiri. Kaya sensa ya chithunzi cha CMOS (CIS) kapena wopanga chip wokhudza/wala wapeza mwayi waukulu wopita patsogolo.

Makampani opanga zinthu za semiconductor ku China akhala akutentha kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha thandizo la mfundo, ndipo kumbali inanso, ndi kupangika kwachilengedwe kwa kufunika kwa msika wopereka ndi kufuna, komwe kwathandizira kufalikira kwa ma semiconductors am'nyumba m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Posachedwapa, Pulofesa Wei Shaojun, mkulu wa Institute of Microelectronics of Tsinghua University komanso wachiwiri kwa wapampando wa China Semiconductor Industry Association, adapereka nkhani pa Global CEO Double Summit "Njira yoyenera ndi kusintha kwa moyo, pakupanga njira zogwirira ntchito pansi pa kusintha kwakukulu", ponena kuti chitukuko cha ma semiconductors chapakhomo chomwe chikuchitika pano chiyenera kubwerera ku malingaliro ozikidwa pa zinthu, ndikuwunikanso magawo asanu akuluakulu amakampani a semiconductor: kapangidwe, kupanga, kulongedza ndi kuyesa, kusonkhanitsa ndi zipangizo. Tiyenera kulemekeza malamulo a chitukuko cha mafakitale, kulinganiza zinthu, ndi kulinganiza chitukuko. chitukuko cha kalembedwe. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri za MCU single-chip, pali magulu ambiri opanga zinthu ndi machitidwe othandizira ku China kuyambira pazinthu zogulira mafoni, zida zazing'ono zapakhomo mpaka zowongolera magalimoto amakampani, zamagetsi zamagalimoto, kulumikizana opanda zingwe, intaneti ya zinthu, komanso luntha lochita kupanga. Nthawi yomweyo, China ilinso ndi magulu ambiri ogula komanso zochitika zogwiritsira ntchito. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa, ubwino wa chitukuko cha makompyuta ang'onoang'ono a single-chip ku China ndi woonekeratu, ndipo mabizinesi ambiri am'deralo a single-chip star nawonso apangidwa! Ngakhale msika waku China ukukulirakulirabe, pakadali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ma MCU apanyumba potengera mawonekedwe azinthu, gawo la msika komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo poyerekeza ndi mitundu yakunja. Mu 2020, akuyembekezeka kuti malonda a opanga MCU akunyumba adzafika pa 14.8 biliyoni ya yuan, zomwe zikutanthauza 55% ya msika wonse wa MCU waku China. Pakadali pano, opanga ma MCU am'nyumba amapikisana kwambiri pa ntchito zotsika mtengo monga zamagetsi, makadi anzeru ndi madzi, magetsi ndi magetsi, koma m'madera omwe ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamsika komanso phindu lalikulu, monga kuyang'anira mafakitale, zamagetsi zamagalimoto ndi msika wa intaneti ya zinthu, akadali olamulidwa ndi ma MCU akunja. Monopoly ndi opanga! Mawonekedwe a MCU ku Asia-Pacific Y2019 ndi awa: Kuchokera pamalingaliro a gawo la msika wapadziko lonse wa MCU mu 2020, ma MCU a 32-bit adzakhala ndi 62%, 16-bit 23%, ndi 4/8-bit 15%; kuchokera pamalingaliro a msika wa MCU wakunyumba, ma MCU a 8-bit akadali kugwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati gawo la msika. Ambuye, koma ndi kukweza kosalekeza kwa zinthu zamagetsi, limodzi ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa mu nthawi ya Internet of Things, ndipo mtengo wapakati wogulitsa wa ziwirizi ukuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kusiyana, ma MCU a 32-bit adzabweretsa kukula kwakukulu! Izi ndi mapu oyambira azidziwitso ndi kugawa ziwerengero za opanga 30 a MCU akunyumba omwe adapangidwa ndi Electronic Engineering Album mu Ogasiti 2020. Makampani omwe adatchulidwa: 12, kuphatikiza awiri omwe adalembedwa mu New Third Board ndi mabungwe atatu amakampani omwe adatchulidwa Likulu: 10 ku Shanghai, 7 ku Shenzhen, 3 ku Beijing, 3 ku Zhuhai, 2 ku Suzhou, 1 iliyonse ku Qingdao, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chongqing ndi Anhui Wuhu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kapangidwe ka kernel, kapangidwe ka Arm kakadali kofala, komwe kamakhala ndi zoposa 55%. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukulirakulira kwa chithandizo cha mfundo ndi kupita patsogolo kwa msika, chiwerengero cha RISC-V chawonetsanso kukwera. Tasonkhanitsa ndi kukonza kufananiza kwa opanga ena a MCU am'nyumba. Kuchokera apa, titha kuwonanso kapangidwe ka nthawi yayitali ka wopanga aliyense m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga zamagetsi, intaneti ya zinthu, zomangamanga zatsopano ndi zamagetsi zamagalimoto kutengera ukadaulo wawo komanso zabwino zamsika. Kuyambira mu Epulo 2013, Zhaoyi Innovation idayambitsa MCU yoyamba ya 32-bit yochokera ku Arm Cortex-M3 core ku China. Pambuyo pa zaka pafupifupi 7 za chitukuko chopitilira, Zhaoyi ili ndi mizere 24 yonse yazinthu zopangidwa ndi Arm core-based MCU, yokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 300 yosankha, yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kuyanjana pakati pa mndandanda, komanso kudalirika kwa mafakitale. magwiridwe antchito komanso kusavuta kwa chitukuko. Malinga ndi deta yovomerezeka, kuyambira mu Meyi 2017, katundu wa Zhaoyi wa 32-bit MCU wadutsa mayunitsi 100 miliyoni, ndipo kuyambira mu Juni 2020, chiwerengerochi chadutsa mayunitsi 400 miliyoni. Mu Ogasiti 2019, Zhaoyi adayambitsanso MCU yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi yogwiritsa ntchito RISC-V core: GD32V series. Gulu loyamba la zinthu zatsopano limapereka mitundu 14, kuphatikizapo mitundu 4 ya maphukusi kuphatikizapo QFN36, LQFP48, LQFP64 ndi LQFP100. Ndipo sungani kugwirizana kwathunthu ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo kale popanga mapulogalamu ndi ma pin packaging. Magwiridwe antchito a GD32V series MCUs pama frequency apamwamba kwambiri amatha kufika pa 153 DMIPS, ndipo mayeso a CoreMark adapezanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri a ma point 360. Poyerekeza ndi GD32F103 yokhala ndi GD32 Cortex-M3 core, magwiridwe antchito amawonjezeka ndi 15%, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosiyanasiyana kumachepetsedwa ndi 50%. , kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoyimirira kumachepetsedwa ndi 25%. M'tsogolomu, zotsatila zamsika za GD32 MCU zidzakula m'magawo atatu: kulumikiza opanda zingwe, kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi otsika kwambiri komanso zinthu zamagalimoto. 无线连接 Y2020 ● IOT WiFi ● BT+BLES.x+WiFi多模 ● Sub 1GHz多模 ● UWB 超低功耗 Y2021 ● 电池供电设备 ● 侤电设备 ●可穿戴设备 汽车级产品 Y2022 ● 汽车级产品认证 ● 车身控制系统 ● 辅助驾驾驶系 codes Chipse688595 makamaka za 4 minda: 1) Health muyeso ndi mankhwala mankhwala; 2) Zinthu zolumikizirana pakati pa anthu ndi makompyuta; 3) Kuyeza chizindikiro chamagetsi, kasamalidwe ka mphamvu ndi zinthu zowongolera; 4) Zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito masensa anzeru kunyumba. Chipsea inayamba ndi ADC, yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwambiri mu gawo la ADC kwa zaka 17, ndipo yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa zaka 12 mu gawo la MCU. Kupanga kwake kwakukulu mtsogolo kudzayang'anabe pa nsanja ya ADC+MCU iwiri, yomwe imapereka mphamvu zochepa, kukula kochepa, kulondola kwambiri komanso kulondola kwambiri pa intaneti ya Zinthu. Zogulitsa zamagetsi zamagetsi zogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri! Smart Microelectronics Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu Marichi 2011, Smart Microelectronics yamaliza bwino kupanga ndi kutsatsa zinthu zambirimbiri za MCU. Pakadali pano, Smart Microelectronics yapereka zinthu zambiri za MCU zochokera ku ma cores a ARM Cortex-M0 ndi Cortex-M3, kuphatikizapo: Mndandanda wa MM32F wa msika wogwira ntchito bwino, mndandanda wa MM32L wamagetsi otsika kwambiri komanso mapulogalamu achitetezo, mndandanda wa MM32W wokhala ndi ntchito zambiri zolumikizira opanda zingwe, mndandanda wa MM32SPIN wamagetsi oyendetsa ndi kuwongolera mota, ndi mndandanda wa OTP MM32P, ndi zina zotero. Kufunika kwa msika kwa zochitika zambiri zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana komanso pamlingo wosiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera pa kusamala kwambiri msika wamakono wamagetsi, Smart Microelectronics ikupitilizabe kulimbitsa ndalama zake pamsika wowongolera magalimoto. Mutha kuwona Mtsogoleri wa Zamalonda wa Smart Micro: Mr. Huang Zhikai, yemwe adatenga nawo gawo pa Msonkhano wa 15 wa Shenzhen Motor Technology mu 2020: http://news .ifeng.com/c/7ysBnANAD39, mayankho atsatanetsatane a nkhani zazikulu monga mayankho akuluakulu owongolera magalimoto ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagalimoto. Chip ya Hangshun Chip ya Hangshun idakhazikitsidwa ku Shenzhen mu 2014. Mapulogalamu ake ndi zida zake zimagwirizana kwathunthu ndi ma MCU ochokera kunja. Monga chimodzi mwazabwino zake zazikulu, Hangshun imapereka zinthu zotsika mtengo za MCU zomwe zingalowe msika mwachangu kwambiri. HK32F030M yomwe yangotulutsidwa kumene, MCU ya 32-bit, ili ndi mtengo wochepera 1 yuan kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo pamapeto pake yapeza chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri kuti makompyuta a 32-bit alowe m'malo mwa ma MCU a 8-bit/16-bit apakatikati mpaka apamwamba! HK32F030M si yotsika mtengo kokha, komanso ili ndi ma frequency akuluakulu a 48M, nthawi zofufutira 100,000, ndi zina zotero. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ma oximeter, ma mota, magetsi a fan a padenga, zowongolera firiji ya air conditioner ndi zinthu zina! Mtsogolomu, ma chip a Hangshun sadzangoyesetsa pa ntchito za ma MCU ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, komanso adzayang'ana kwambiri malo otchuka pamsika monga zomangamanga zatsopano za dzikolo ndi 5G big data ya intaneti ya zinthu, ndi zina zotero, ndikuyambitsa zinthu zatsopano m'magawo apamwamba komanso odzipereka a SOC. BYD Semiconductor BYD Semiconductor Co., Ltd., yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti Shenzhen BYD Microelectronics Co., Ltd., inakhazikitsidwa mu 2004. Pakadali pano, bizinesi yayikulu ya BYD Semiconductor imakhudza kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, kupanga ndi kugulitsa ma semiconductor amphamvu, ma IC olamulira anzeru, masensa anzeru ndi ma optoelectronic semiconductor. BYD Semiconductor amakhulupirira kuti ma chips a MCU, monga maziko a makompyuta amkati ndi kukonza makina amagetsi a magalimoto, ndiye chinsinsi cha chitukuko chakuya cha magalimoto kuyambira pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kupita ku luntha. Popeza kuti BYD Semiconductor inali ndi mvula yambiri m'makampani opanga magalimoto, inalowa mu MCU mu 2007. Kuyambira pa ma MCU a mafakitale, idatsatira njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito komanso zodalirika, ndipo tsopano ili ndi ma chips a MCU a mafakitale, ma chips a MCU atatu mu chimodzi a mafakitale, ndi ma chips a MCU a magalimoto. Chipu ya MCU ya 8-bit yokhala ndi giredi yovomerezeka, chipu ya MCU ya 32-bit yokhala ndi giredi yamagalimoto ndi chipu ya MCU yoyang'anira batri ndi zinthu zina. Mpaka pano, ma MCU a BYD Semiconductor a magalimoto apamwamba apitilira 5 miliyoni, ndipo kutumiza ma MCU onse kupitilira 2 biliyoni, zomwe zapangitsa kuti msika wa ma MCU am'nyumba upite patsogolo kwambiri. China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lopanga ndi kugulitsa magalimoto, komanso ili ndi msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse wa magalimoto a MCU. Pakadali pano, magalimoto pafupifupi 100 a MCU amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'galimoto wamba. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kumeneku, ndalama zonse zomwe msika wa magalimoto wa MCU mdziko langa uli nazo ndi pafupifupi 2 biliyoni, ndipo kukula kwa msika ndi kokwera kufika pa makumi mabiliyoni a yuan. Kukwera kwa njira zinayi zatsopano zosinthira magalimoto (magetsi, luntha, kulumikizana, ndi kugawana) kudzawonjezera kufunikira kwa ma MCU. Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu yonse yoyerekeza mitengo, magwiridwe antchito a zinthu, mautumiki aukadaulo, ndi mayankho azinthu zokhudzana ndi makampani akunja, mkonziyo akukhulupirira kuti makampani opanga zinthu zamkati m'dziko muno ayenera kupitiriza kulimbitsa kapangidwe ndi zomwe zili mu chilengedwe. Potengera STM32 mwachitsanzo, ST imapereka dongosolo lonse la zida zopangira zida zamagetsi ndi mapulogalamu pa mndandanda uliwonse wazinthu, ndipo imapanga njira yopangira yosasokoneza yokhala ndi nsanja imodzi yopangira kuyambira pakukonzekera, kupanga, mapulogalamu mpaka kutsatira, onani chithunzi pansipa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ST yakulitsanso magulu ambiri omwe angathe kugwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chamagulu ambiri monga China University Program, nsanja zapaintaneti monga webusaiti yovomerezeka / ofesi yaying'ono, ndi maphunziro a pa intaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, ST imathandizanso kuti ogwirizana nawo azitha kupanga zinthu zatsopano kudzera mu pulogalamu ya ogwirizana nawo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makasitomala athe kupeza zinthu zambiri zopititsira patsogolo ntchito yawo mosavuta. Chuangxin Workshop ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe othandizana nawo pa zachilengedwe, yomwe imapereka chitetezo cha firmware encryption ndi zinthu ndi ntchito zoyaka moto zomwe zimateteza aliyense. Ogwirizana nawo a chipani chachitatu samangopereka zinthu za hardware monga ma board opanga ma hardware, ma debugger, ndi ma burners, komanso amapereka ntchito za firmware ya pulogalamu (kubisa firmware, kuyatsa chitetezo cha firmware, kuyatsa firmware mumtambo, ndi zina zotero) kupambana kwa onse. "Njira yoyenera padziko lapansi ndi kusintha kwa moyo" imachokera ku "Malamulo Asanu ndi Awiri - Gulu Lankhondo Lomasula Anthu ku Nanjing" lolembedwa ndi Mao Zedong mu 1949. Anali ndi chisangalalo chachikulu atamva nkhani yabwino yakuti gulu lankhondo la People's Liberation Army lalanda Nanjing pa Epulo 23 ku Shuangqing Villa ku Xiangshan, Peiping, ndipo analemba ndakatulo iyi. Malemba oyambirira ndi awa: Mphepo ndi mvula ku Zhongshan zinasanduka zachikasu, ndipo ngwazi mamiliyoni ambiri zinawoloka mtsinje. Kambuku ndi chinjoka ndizabwinoko kuposa zakale, ndipo dziko latembenuzika ndi kuwolowa manja. Ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito otsala olimba mtima kuthamangitsa achifwamba osauka, osati kutchedwa wolamulira wa maphunziro. Ngati thambo liri mu chikondi, mlengalenga ndi wakale, ndipo njira yoyenera padziko lapansi ndi kusinthasintha. Zinthu zikukula nthawi zonse, zikusintha ndikusintha, ili ndi lamulo losapeŵeka! China ili pamsika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa ogula, ili ndi ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito msika wachilengedwe, ndipo ili ndi akatswiri abwino kwambiri m'makampani. Kutengera izi, makampani a MCU akunyumba akufunikabe ulendo wautali. Sichiyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu, ndipo sichiyenera kuganizira mopanda nzeru za ngodya. Mukadutsa njira yachidule, muyenera kutenga "njira yoyenera", ndipo mudzapeza zotsatira zoyenera! Chidziwitso: Nkhaniyi yatulutsidwanso kuchokera pa intaneti kuti ithandizire kuteteza ufulu waukadaulo. Chonde onetsani komwe kunachokera komanso wolemba buku losindikizidwanso. Ngati pali kuphwanya kulikonse, chonde titumizireni uthenga kuti muchotse.