Wafer Foundry ke eng?

A setsi sa motheo ke setsi se ikhethileng se etsang li-wafers tsa silicon, e leng karolo ea motheo ea li-semiconductors. Mehaho ena e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlahiseng li-circuits (ICs) tse sebelisoang lisebelisoa tse kang li-smartphones, lilaptop le lisebelisoa tsa IoT. Ho fapana le baetsi ba lisebelisoa tse kopaneng (li-IDM), liphahlo tsa motheo e tsepamisitse maikutlo feela ho thehoeng, ho nolofalletsang k'hamphani ea lisebelisoa tsa elektronike e bolokang litšenyehelo. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa photolithography, etching, le doping ho theha lipotoloho tse rarahaneng holim'a li-silicon substrates. Bakeng sa lihlopha tsa thepa, ho utloisisa mohato ona oa phepelo ea thepa ho netefatsa lipuisano tse betere tsa barekisi le taolo ea boleng.

Nalane ea Nts'etsopele ea Wafer Foundry

Ho iphetola hoa liphahlo tsa motheo e qalile ka bo-1980, e susumetsoa ke tlhoko ea ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor. Likhamphani tse kang TSMC li ile tsa bula mokhoa oa "pure-play" oa motheo, o arolang moralo le maqheka. Phetoho ena e ile ea lumella lifeme tse nyane ho iqapela ntle le ho ba le limela tse turang tsa ho etsa thepa. Ka lilemo tse mashome, tsoelo-pele e bile teng setsi sa motheo thekenoloji-e kang li-node tse nyenyane tsa nanometer-e nolofalitse ho teteana ha transistor le matla a matla. Kajeno, indasteri e atleha ka tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litsi tsa metheo le li-giants tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, e netefatsang ho amoheloa ka potlako ha li-node tse tsoetseng pele joalo ka 5nm le 3nm.

Melemo ea Bohlokoa ho Foundry Evolution

• 1987: TSMC e theha mofuta oa motheo oa papali o hloekileng.
• Li-2000: Ho fetela ho li-wafers tse 300mm ho eketsa tlhahiso.
• Li-2020: Ho amoheloa ha EUV lithography bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ka tlase ho 7nm.

Litšobotsi tsa Wafer Foundry

mokhoa oa kajeno oa liphahlo tsa motheo li hlalosoa ka litšobotsi tse tharo tsa mantlha: ho nepahala, ho hlaka, le ho ikamahanya le maemo. Precision e netefatsa ho nepahala ha boemo ba nanometer ho paterone ea potoloho, ho fokotsa liphoso. Scalability e lumella tlhahiso e ngata ea li-wafers ho fihlela tlhoko ea lefats'e ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki. Ho ikamahanya le maemo ho bolela bokhoni ba ho tšehetsa meralo e fapaneng, ho tloha ho li-chip tsa AI ho isa ho li-sensor tsa MEMS. Ho feta moo, li-Foundries li tsetela haholo molemong oa ho tšoarella, ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea metsi le matla. Bakeng sa lihlopha tsa boenjiniere, ho hokahanya meralo ea lihlahisoa le setsi sa motheo Bokhoni e bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso le katleho ea litšenyehelo.

Mekhahlelo ea Wafer Foundry

khethang a setsi sa motheo e hloka ho lekola litekanyo tsa tekheniki joalo ka boholo ba node, litefiso tsa tlhahiso, le nako ea ho fetoha. Boholo ba li-node (mohlala, 7nm, 5nm) bo khetholla boholo ba transistor le matla a matla. Litefiso tsa chai li bonts'a liperesente tsa liphaephe tse se nang sekoli, tse amang litšenyehelo ka kotloloho. Nako ea phetoho e ama nako ea ho rekisa lisebelisoa tse ncha. Lintlha tse ling li kenyelletsa:

• Boholo ba Wafer: 200mm vs. 300mm bophara.
• lintho tse bonahalang: Silicon, silicon carbide, kapa gallium nitride.
• Litemoso: Litekanyetso tsa ISO tsa netefatso ea boleng.

Mesebetsi ea Wafer Foundry ho Consumer Electronics

Lisebelisoa tsa Wafer e sebetsa e le mokokotlo oa ntlafatso ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki. Ba fetola meralo ea IC hore e be lisebelisoa tse matlafatsang tsa "chips" tse kang liaparo le lisebelisoa tse bohlale tsa lapeng. Ka ho fana ka mahlale a tsoetseng pele a ho paka—joaloka ho kopanngoa ha 3D IC—lisebelisoa li thusa lisebelisoa tse fokolang, tse potlakileng. Lihlopha tsa ho reka thepa li itšetlehile ka li-Foundries ho leka-lekanya litšenyehelo le ts'ebetso, haholo-holo nakong ea khaello ea likarolo. Ka mohlala, TSMC li-node tse tsoetseng pele e bile ea bohlokoa ho hlahiseng li-processor tse sebetsang hantle bakeng sa li-brand tsa li-smartphone tse etelletseng pele.

Lisebelisoa tsa Wafer Foundry

Ho tloha ho li-smartphones ho ea ho litsamaiso tsa likoloi, liphahlo tsa motheo tšehetsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng. Ho lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki, li hlahisa li-processor, li-memory chips, le li-sensor. Liindasteri tsa makoloi li ipapisitse le metheo ea li-IC tse tšepahalang ho ADAS le infotainment. Masimo a ntseng a hlaha joalo ka AI le 5G le ona a eketsa lisebelisoa ho theha li-chips tse khethehileng. Mohlala, ho phahama ha komporo ea moeli ho ekelitse tlhoko ea li-wafers tse matla a tlase, tse lebelo le holimo. Lihlopha tsa boenjiniere li tlameha ho sebelisana haufi-ufi le li-Foundries ho ntlafatsa meralo ea maemo ana a fapaneng a ts'ebeliso.

Mohlala: Basebelisi ba Smartphone

Li-brand tsa li-smartphone tse etelletseng pele li sebelisana le liphahlo tsa motheo ho hlahisa li-chipsets tse tloaelehileng. Li-processor tsa Apple tsa A-Series le Qualcomm's Snapdragon li entsoe ka li-node tsa TSMC tsa 5nm, tse ntlafatsang ts'ebetso le bophelo ba betri. Tšebelisano ena e totobatsa karolo ea setsi sa ho fana ka melemo ea tlholisano.

Baetsi ba Wafer Foundry

The setsi sa motheo mmaraka o busoa ke libapali tsa bohlokoa joalo ka TSMC, Samsung Foundry, le GlobalFoundries. TSMC e na le karolo ea 'maraka e fetang 50%, e sebetsanang le li-node tse tsoetseng pele. Samsung e ipabola mohopolong le li-logic chips, ha GlobalFoundries e shebane le RF le tharollo ea analog. Mekhatlo ea libaka, joalo ka SMIC naheng ea China, e ntse e eketseha ka har'a liphetoho tsa lipolotiki. Lihlopha tsa ho reka thepa li tlameha ho lekola lintlha tse kang likotsi tsa tikoloho, bokhoni, le botsebi ba theknoloji ha li khetha molekane.

fihlela qeto e

kutlwisiso liphahlo tsa motheo e bohlokoa bakeng sa lihlopha tsa ho reka le tsa boenjiniere ho lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa bareki. Ho tloha liketsahalong tsa bohlokoa tsa nalane ho isa litsing tsa tekheniki, tsebo ena e tsamaisa liqeto tse nang le tsebo khethong ea barekisi le moralo oa sehlahisoa. Ha indasteri e ntse e hatela pele ho ea ho li-node tsa 3nm le ho feta, tšebelisano 'moho le litsi tsa maemo a holimo e tla lula e le bohlokoa bakeng sa boqapi. Bakeng sa tlhahisoleseling e eketsehileng, hlahloba lisebelisoa tse matla joalo ka Mokhatlo oa Liindasteri tsa Semiconductor.