— Song Shiqiang, SlkorDuring the development of Huaqiangbei, "Shanzhai phones" became a topic that could not be ignored. In 2007 alone, the shipment volume of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones reached 150 million units, accounting for one-sixth of the world’s total mobile phone production that year. The rise and fall of Shanzhai phones happened rapidly. It created many millionaires from the tiny "one-meter counters" in Huaqiangbei, but it also led to tragic stories, such as the bankruptcy and mental breakdown of "Prince of Shanzhai Phones," Chen Jinling.The Shanzhai phone phenomenon also had a positive side. It helped promote Huaqiangbei’s maker culture, turning Shenzhen into a "Silicon Valley of Hardware" and a "Paradise for Entrepreneurship." It also gave birth to local mobile phone brands such as Meizu, G5, Longcheer, and Transsion. In many ways, it became the foundation of the "Huaqiangbei maker spirit" and the "Shenzhen entrepreneurial spirit."However, the Shanzhai phone industry was also in conflict with the government’s push for intellectual property protection, patent awareness, and brand development at that time. As a result, it stood at the crossroads of market growth, technological innovation, government regulation, economic development, business ethics, and legal construction. Conflicts and failures became almost unavoidable, which is why official media and many economists rarely discussed Huaqiangbei’s Shanzhai phone.Authoritative media and professional institutions, including Harvard Business Review, have studied the cases of MediaTek and the white box handset market using various business analysis models. These include SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces, PESTEL analysis, VRIO analysis, value chain analysis, BCG matrix analysis, Ansoff matrix analysis, and marketing mix analysis.As a long-time witness to Huaqiangbei, I, Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor, aim to objectively and truthfully record what I saw and experienced, restoring the real history of Huaqiangbei during that era. By applying basic theories of socioeconomics, I also hope to systematically analyze the deeper logic behind the "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone" phenomenon and pay tribute to an era filled with opportunity and rapid economic growth. Shanzai! MediaTek and the White Box Handset Market Case Study Solution Analysis Following the previous article by Mr. Song of Slkor, Research on Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones (Part Ⅰ), this section continues the discussion on the origin of "Shanzhai," the technological evolution of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phones, and the two major boom periods of the industry.Ⅳ. The Wealth Miracle of HuaqiangbeiHuaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District, Shenzhen, possessed all the favorable conditions for the concentration of wealth and the creation of a large number of millionaires and billionaires — the perfect combination of "timing, location, and people."At the beginning of China’s reform and opening-up, the world was experiencing the third major global industrial transfer, during which manufacturing of industrial products shifted from Europe, the United States, and the Four Asian Tigers to China. This was the "right timing." Shenzhen, as one of China’s first four Special Economic Zones, enjoyed independent legislative authority, highly flexible policies, and a strategic geographic position adjacent to Hong Kong — the "Pearl of the Orient" — while also being close to Southeast Asia, home to many overseas Chinese business communities. This was the "right location." Meanwhile, large numbers of migrant workers from across China poured into Shenzhen. They had received basic education, were hardworking and disciplined, and accepted relatively low wages and benefits, resulting in low labor costs. This was the "right people."Huaqiangbei was famous for its "three abundances" — people, goods, and money. At its peak, Huaqiangbei was home to over 60,000 small and medium-sized enterprises and 40,000 self-employed businesses, with approximately 500,000 daily workers and merchants. During holidays, visitor traffic exceeded 800,000 people, and shoppers often had to queue just to enter malls such as Vanguard Department Store and Women’s World.Annual transaction volume in Huaqiangbei surpassed RMB 300 billion. Transfer fees for just one meter of counter space could reach RMB 300,000, while prime retail properties in SEG Plaza sold for as much as RMB 300,000 per square meter. Although Vanguard Department Store had a business area of only 3,000 square meters, its daily revenue once reached RMB 3 million, making it one of the world’s highest-performing retail spaces in terms of sales per square meter. Over the course of 30 years, Huaqiangbei’s economic output surged from less than RMB 2 billion to RMB 300 billion, transforming the former "Shangbu Industrial Zone" into "China’s No.1 Electronics Street." The GDP of Huaqiangbei Subdistrict in Futian District eventually rivaled that of Yuehai Subdistrict in Nanshan District, one of Shenzhen’s most renowned economic hubs. Mr. Song of Slkor Summarizes the Wealth Phenomenon of Shenzhen Huaqiangbei Mr. Cheng Yimu from the Shenzhen Electronics Chamber of Commerce is one of the witnesses to the history of Huaqiangbei. According to him, Huaqiangbei was originally the center of Shenzhen’s electronic information industry. At that time, the Shangbu Industrial Zone, where Huaqiangbei is located, gathered many famous electronics factories and government-affiliated institutions, including Huaqiang Sanyo TV, SED Philips, Jinghua Electronics, SEG Hitachi, and Huaqiang Electronics Factory.After China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), mainland China rapidly became the "world’s factory." The electronics and information industry experienced explosive growth, and driven by giants such as SEG and Huaqiang, Huaqiangbei quickly rose to become "China’s No.1 Electronics Street."At the same time, in areas beyond the reach of strict government regulation, the power of the gray market also created economic miracles. The Shanzhai phone supply chain quietly developed across the Pearl River Delta before eventually evolving in Huaqiangbei into a powerful industry force. Many outsiders who came to Huaqiangbei to make a living were willing to challenge old rules and embrace disruptive innovation.The rise of Huaqiangbei’s free-market ecosystem was essentially a process of optimizing resources and driving industrial innovation. Some small business owners operating from tiny "one-meter counters" gradually became known as the first "Huaqiangbei makers." The district’s unique business model and profit-sharing culture encouraged ambitious newcomers to experiment, compete, and innovate. In an environment where "anything not forbidden could be tried," Huaqiangbei created its own era of glory.Many people also grew stronger through repeated failures and fierce business competition, eventually becoming well-known entrepreneurs. This is the "Huaqiangbei culture" summarized by Mr. Song of Slkor and Kinghelm — a culture defined by innovation, risk-taking, resilience, and pragmatism. Huaqiangbei Was Originally a Hub for the Electronics and Information Industry — Photo Provided by Cheng Yimu Media strategist Wang Zhigang once said, "God releases the devil, but the devil creates paradise." This reflects the sociological theory of "unintended consequences," where an original intention A eventually leads to a completely different result B within a complex and changing social environment.A well-known example is Sildenafil. It was originally developed to treat high blood pressure and angina, but later became famous for treating erectile dysfunction and improving kidney health in traditional Chinese understanding. This theory can also help explain the wealth miracle created by the Huaqiangbei Shanzhai phone industry.Now, I cannot resist giving everyone another serious-but-funny lesson about the Chinese habit of "supplementing" health. Chinese people seem to love "boosting" everything. Men focus on strengthening the kidneys, women focus on nourishing the blood, and many households keep traditional medicines like Liuwei Dihuang Pills and Wuji Baifeng Pills in their drawers. Water cups are often filled with goji berries, red dates, or cassia seeds.Children need extra tutoring, programmers need extra sleep, and elderly people hurry to supermarkets every day to stock up on free eggs for the fridge. It feels as if, without some kind of "supplement," people become mentally uneasy and physically weak. Back in the peak years of China’s mobile phone industry, aside from the "Zhonghua Kuolian" group — ZTE, Huawei, Coolpad, and Lenovo — almost every other company had a complicated and inseparable connection with the Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone.ODM companies such as Huaqin, Longcheer, Huiye, Wingtech, Yude, HEDY, Haipai, and Tinno built massive businesses during that era, and the founders behind them largely became billionaires. Mobile phone brands including Gionee, GFive, and Transsion helped figures such as Liu Lirong, Zhang Zhixue, and Zhu Zhaojiang rise to fortunes worth billions or even tens of billions of yuan.Shanghai Moshang, a company that profited from providing "shanzhai phone" solutions, was officially registered in Shanghai, yet its manufacturing base and technical ecosystem were still deeply tied to Huaqiangbei. Design firms such as Artop and Jialantu, specializing in mobile phone exterior styling and structural design, were also located in Huaqiangbei. Beyond them were countless influential figures hidden throughout different nodes of the supply chain, whose wealth stories were all closely connected to Huaqiangbei.I has always believed that among all the industries that created billionaires in Huaqiangbei, the "shanzhai mobile phone" wave operated at the highest capacity. It was this era that made Huaqiangbei famous across China and beyond, elevating it to the pinnacle of wealth creation. In 2012, carrying the modest savings I had accumulated from working in real estate, I returned to Huaqiangbei to seek new opportunities. At that time, Huaqiangbei was bursting with energy. During holidays, the main streets were packed shoulder to shoulder with crowds. Psy’s Korean hit "Gangnam Style" echoed through the streets and alleys, while advertisements for "Being a Woman Feels Great" shapewear underwear covered the walls. After enjoying Damu Chaoshan beef hotpot, many shop owners would head to "Cool Party KTV" for karaoke, and once the mood peaked, everyone would start dancing Psy’s famous "horse-riding dance."In order to break into Huaqiangbei’s high-end business circles, I often dressed like a polished gentleman, pretending to be a wealthy and cultured successful entrepreneur. I drove around in my third-hand BMW, with expired bottles of Moutai stored in the trunk, while enthusiastically explaining theories such as the "Kondratiev Cycle" and the "Fibonacci Golden Curve" to Huaqiangbei’s businesswomen. I even added the ancient business wisdom of Fan Li — "measuring surplus and shortage, distinguishing righteousness from profit" — as a finishing touch. People began to feel that Huaqiangbei still had its share of intellectuals.At first, the Huaqiangbei businesswomen remained cautious, suspecting that I was selling training courses, insurance, direct sales products, or cosmetic surgery services. But by discussing topics such as the characteristics of the integrated circuit industry, large-scale manufacturing, supply chain structures, geopolitical influences, and Huaqiangbei’s role as both an "inventory reservoir" and a critical intersection between production and sales, I gradually summarized several principles for rapidly building wealth in Huaqiangbei. Over time, they began to trust me.One businesswoman followed my theoretical model, made a fortune through electronic component trading, and bought herself a Bentley. She later gave me a Bentley car model as a gift — to clarify, it was a miniature Bentley model car, not a female Bentley sales representative, so don’t get the wrong idea. At that moment, I quietly realized to myself: coming back to Huaqiangbei this time had absolutely been the right decision. Huaqiangbei has hosted several waves of wealth creation, where even the "one-meter counter" shop owners’ wives caught a glimpse of its fortune trajectory. In the 1980s, it was imported electronic "junk"; in the 1990s, MP3s, MP4s, and computer assembly; today, 3C digital products and trendy electronic gadgets. Recent years have seen shortages of capacitors, resistors, MOSFETs, and memory chips; high demand for brands like Texas Instruments (TI), Silans, and STMicroelectronics; and disruptions from events such as the Thailand floods, the Japan earthquake, and the US-China tariff conflicts — all of which helped Huaqiangbei’s bosses and their wives make substantial profits.After striking their first pot of gold in Huaqiangbei, these entrepreneurs continued to grow and strengthen their businesses. Figures such as Wang Li of Haon Optics, Gao Yunfeng of Han’s Laser, Chen Zhilie of EVOC Intelligent, Cai Huabo of Jiangbolong, Song Shiqiang of Kinghelm and Slkor, Wang Laobao of Interling, and Chen Haisheng of Meilong, have all carved out distinct positions in their respective industries. They grew strong through hands-on experience in Huaqiangbei, driven by its culture of boldness, innovation, resilience, and pragmatism. "Shanzhai Manufacturing and Maker Entrepreneurs" Ⅴ. Huaqiangbei Mobile Phone Specialized MarketsThe commercial landscape of Huaqiangbei is primarily composed of three major sectors: daily consumer shopping areas, the "Electronics Street," and specialized markets. Department stores and shopping malls such as Maoye, Rainbow, Dreams-on, and 9square serve consumers within a half-hour living radius. The "Electronics Street" is centered around Huaqiang Electronics Market, SEG Plaza, New Asia, and Metropolis Electronics City. Specialized markets cover sectors like foreign trade clothing, watches, security products, computer malls, telecommunications, and gifts, with over 50 markets exceeding 50,000 square meters at their peak.It is said that Pony Ma initially assembled computers in Huaqiangbei before founding Tencent, and Huang Zhang of Meizu once sold MP3 players there. At the time, Huaqiangbei had several major markets for mobile phones and peripheral products: Yuanwang Digital City on Huaqiang Road, Mingtong Mobile Accessories Market on Huafa North Road, and Tongtiandi, Longsheng, and Feiyang Times Markets in the podium floors (1–3) of Huaken Building on the south side of Shennan Road, which were relatively smaller in scale. Huaqiangbei’s "shop in front, factory in back" model brought together manufacturers of small household appliances and 3C digital products from across the country, alongside nationwide and global sales channels. This convergence of supply chain and distribution networks forms a key hub and is the core competitive strength of Huaqiangbei At that time, the first to third floors of Yuanwang Digital City in Huaqiangbei were almost entirely filled with stalls selling shanzhai mobile phones. Today, only a few counters remain tucked away in the corners of the second and third floors, but many of the old trading practices are still preserved. Typically, on the glass countertop of a one-meter-wide stall, there would be one or two laminated A4 sheets listing available phone models, specifications, and prices. Deals were negotiated directly at the counter, while bulk deliveries would be arranged at separate locations to ensure security.Yuanwang Digital City mainly sold smuggled Hong Kong-version and U.S.-version phones, as well as refurbished devices. The refurbished brands were primarily Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, and other major international brands. Meanwhile, markets such as Mingtong Mobile Market, Tongtiandi Market, Longsheng Mobile Market, and Feiyang Times Market mainly specialized in shanzhai phones.In Huaqiangbei, almost every type of refurbished phone could be found. Naturally, all device identification codes had already been altered. Matching phone motherboards and compatible software were also readily available. Once the casing and cover panels were assembled, technicians would flash the software onto the device, perform a quick functional test, and the phone was ready for sale. Add a leather case and a few accessories, and the product could immediately be pushed into the market in large quantities. Shanzhai Mobile Phone Counters in Huaqiangbei Behind every counter stood a gray-market supply chain. For example, since mobile phones in Hong Kong were often cheaper than those in Huaqiangbei, they were smuggled into Shenzhen through various channels. Along Shatoujiao’s Chung Ying Street — with one side belonging to Hong Kong and the other to Shenzhen — smugglers on the Hong Kong side would hide flip phones inside the inner tubes of off-road bicycles. The bicycles would then be ridden across into Shenzhen, where the phones could be delivered to Huaqiangbei and sold for profit. A 26-inch bicycle inner tube could conceal up to 25 mobile phones.Refurbished phone motherboards for brands such as Nokia were collected from developed countries and secretly transported into China through various channels. Meanwhile, the domestic supply chain already had complete support for phone casings, numeric keypads, and related accessories.Of course, some counters and merchants specialized in spare parts for feature phones and 3C digital products, while others focused on repairs and after-sales service. I remember that the after-sales repair centers for ZTE phones and Philips phones were located in SEG Science & Technology Park and the Modern Window Building respectively. Slkor ISO9001 Quality System & ISO14001 Environmental System Certification The business conducted through Huaqiangbei’s "one-meter counters" was supported by a massive sales network behind the scenes. There were distribution and agency channels reaching across mainland China, as well as international trading networks built over many years. One unique phenomenon was the "Huaqiangbei backpackers" — buyers from all over the world carrying backpacks as they came to Huaqiangbei for sourcing, purchasing, or bulk procurement. According to unofficial statistics, during its peak period, as many as 7,000 foreign visitors came to Huaqiangbei every day to purchase goods, inspect products, or place wholesale orders.Large quantities of shanzhai phones and other 3C digital products from Huaqiangbei were continuously exported to countries and regions such as India, Vietnam, the Philippines, Africa, and South America. This extensive sales network, in turn, drove the growth of a complete industrial chain behind Huaqiangbei’s 3C digital products, including repair services, upgrades, accessories, and related support industries. Products such as Bluetooth earphones, mobile phone leather cases, screen protectors, and refurbished laptops became increasingly comprehensive, while constant upgrades and iterations kept the market aligned with the latest trends.In the early days, the production cost of a Huaqiangbei shanzhai phone was around 700 to 800 RMB per unit, while the selling price could exceed 1,000 RMB. With larger production volumes, costs dropped further and profits became even more substantial. Around 2012, however, high-end smartphones led by Apple and Samsung emerged, and Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone supply chain struggled to keep pace technologically. Many companies could only barely survive.Then came Xiaomi, founded by Lei Jun, with the Redmi smartphone launching at a shockingly low price of 799 RMB. It rapidly captured most of the market previously occupied by Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phones, dealing the industry a devastating blow and effectively sending it into the ICU. Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone businesses were left with only a few choices: move elsewhere, upgrade and transform themselves, or be completely swept away by the tide of the market. Ⅵ. The Gray Ecosystem of "Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones"Huaqiangbei has always carried a kind of inherited "Shanzhai DNA." In its early days, the SEG Electronics Market mainly sold assembled computers and peripheral products, and a very high proportion of components were either Shanzhai (third-party) or refurbished parts. People in the industry even had a specific name for Shanzhai computers—they called them "compatible machines."It is said that the founder of the Hedy computer brand started his business by selling these compatible machines in Huaqiangbei. The founder of Hasee Computer, Wu Haijun, also reportedly began by trading hard drives in the same area. At that time, the Shanzhai computer market mainly revolved around refurbished motherboards from brands like GIGABYTE, Acer, and ASUS, along with second-hand memory modules from Samsung and Kingston, and hard drives from Seagate. These low-cost but functional combinations made the business extremely active and gradually formed a gray ecosystem centered in Huaqiangbei and spreading across the Pearl River Delta.In the early stage of Shanzhai mobile phones, peripheral industries were still relatively limited. However, with the rise of smartphones, the ecosystem quickly expanded. Early smartphones such as iPhones were fragile and had weak battery life, which directly led to the rapid growth of supporting industries like protective cases and power banks. At the same time, companies developing charging chips and related components also emerged.As smartphones became more powerful and mobile applications (apps) exploded in popularity, the peripheral product ecosystem continued to expand. A complete commercial loop formed around accessories such as charging cables, phone straps, and decorative items, and these booths became extremely profitable.In 2013, while I was running a Hong Kong-style tea restaurant near Foxconn in Longhua—trying to scale Hong Kong-style milk tea using a McDonald’s-style chain model across China—I noticed that some Foxconn employees were quietly involved in unusual activities.Their operation model was roughly like this: during night shifts, employees involved in pilot production would secretly take out prototype Apple devices. Accomplices waiting outside would collect them, quickly pass them to nearby manufacturers for molding, duplication, and parameter replication, and then return the samples before the morning shift change. Because of this, within just a few days of a new iPhone launch, Huaqiangbei could already produce Shanzhai versions of the same model, along with a complete set of matching accessories.Core components such as Shanzhai phone motherboards, due to their high value and higher risk, were traded in a much more hidden and mobile manner. Behind this chain, there was often a key "underworld big boss" who acted as an intermediary, organizing relationships, controlling resources, and stabilizing prices to protect profit margins while also ensuring the safety of participants. Each link in the chain typically maintained single-line contact to reduce exposure.These motherboards were often transported in vans such as JAC or Jinbei minibuses, which would continuously circulate around major Huaqiangbei mobile phone markets. Transactions would be finalized inside the vehicle or after the vehicle stopped nearby once a deal was agreed.A friend who ran an SMT assembly factory once told me that at the peak of the Shanzhai phone era, each motherboard he processed generated a net profit of about 15 RMB. His factory could produce around 10,000 units per day, bringing in about 150,000 RMB daily. When the cash was collected, he felt an almost overwhelming sense of achievement, like becoming the pride of his hometown. This situation lasted for several months. Later, as money accumulated too quickly, he even began to worry about whether he could "hold onto it," and eventually considered withdrawing from the industry entirely. In the Chinese TV drama The Knockout, Gao Qiqiang says, "The bigger the storm, the more expensive the fish." The same was true for the shanzhai phone industry centered around Huaqiangbei’s supply chain ecosystem. Those who entered early and timed the market correctly became wealthy, creating countless millionaires and billionaires. Others, however, suffered devastating failures — some lost both their businesses and families, like Chen Jinling; some were framed or sabotaged by rivals and ended up in prison "working the sewing machines," like a certain mobile phone tycoon surnamed Zhang who had once come from ZTE.As more and more people flooded into the industry chasing profits, the methods became increasingly ruthless, and the reality grew harsher. There were even stories of buyers hiring gangsters armed with knives and guns to seize shipments of certain motherboard models at the Feiyang Shidai Market in order to monopolize supply. Meanwhile, the former SMT factory owner mentioned earlier now spends his time posting photos on WeChat Moments of fishing trips, sunshine, and outings with his young girlfriend.Behind Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai phone industry stood not only underground players, but also major mainstream technology companies. Around 2006, MediaTek and Spreadtrum Communications introduced turnkey solutions for shanzhai mobile phones in Huaqiangbei. At the same time, suppliers such as GalaxyCore with its CMOS image sensors, RDA Microelectronics with the RDA5800 chip integrating RF and digital processing functions, along with Telegent Systems and FocalTech, all shipped products in massive volumes through Huaqiangbei.In 2013, Maxscend developed a low-power GPS LNA solution that was first tested and validated in several shanzhai smartphones in Huaqiangbei before eventually entering Samsung’s official supply chain. In many ways, Huaqiangbei’s shanzhai ecosystem also helped nurture and accelerate the growth of China’s electronics industry.Of course, not everyone involved in the shanzhai phone business made money. The owner of Hongfu Chaoshan Restaurant on Huaqiang South Road sold his restaurant and invested everything into the declining shanzhai phone market, only to lose it all in the end. I still remember the excellent taste of their braised beef brisket hotpot with tofu skin, and the owner’s warm smile as he handed me cigarettes.Chen Jinling, once nicknamed the "Prince of Huaqiangbei Shanzhai Phones," attempted to monopolize a best-selling phone model by stockpiling huge amounts of inventory. After his cash flow collapsed, his family fell apart and his mental state deteriorated. Today, he is often seen wandering aimlessly around Huaqiangbei.Song Shiqiang from Kinghelm and Slkor will soon release Research on Huaqiangbei "Shanzhai Phones" (Part Ⅲ) — stay tuned! Slkor Hall Sensor SL1613SH for Industrial and Consumer Electronics Author IntroductionMr. Song is a popular science lecturer of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, a member of the Electronic Information Expert Database of the China Association for Science and Technology, a science columnist, and a well-known researcher of Huaqiangbei’s commercial ecosystem.The companies he invests in and operates include Shenzhen Slkor Semiconductor Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Kinghelm Electronics Co., Ltd.. The brands "SLKORSLKOR"matshwao. E ne e le e mong wa ba pele ba ho hlalosa le ho kgothaletsa mehopolo ya "Moya wa Huaqiangbei" le "Setso sa Huaqiangbei." Jwalo ka setsebi sa setso, o ile a hlophisa mekgwa ya bohwebi e iketsahallang ya Huaqiangbei hore e be moralo o hlophisitsweng wa thuto. O ntlafalitse moelelo oa setso ka litekanyetso tse 'ne tsa bohlokoa: sebete sa ho nka likotsi, boqapi, ho mamella le ho sebetsa ka nepo. O boetse a akaretsa tsela ea ntlafatso ea indasteri ea Huaqiangbei e le "ho etsisa - ntlafatso - boqapi," 'me a etsa tlhahiso ea hore "khaontara e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mithara" ho Huaqiangbei ha e le hantle ke "yuniti ea boqapi," e emelang polelo e nyane ea moea oa bo-rakhoebo. Ka ho lemoha bohlokoa ba barekisi ba banyenyane le ba banyenyane e le "li-capillaries" tse mafolofolo tsa tsamaiso ea moruo, o thusitse ho hlasimolla matla a boqapi ba tikoloho eohle. Ho phaella moo, o ile a hlahisa mohopolo oa ho pholoha oa Huaqiangbei: "matlotlo a bobebe, phetoho e potlakileng, phetoho e phahameng, le ts'ebetso e tsamaisoang ke tlhahisoleseling," mme ka boqapi a hlahisa khopolo-taba ea Huaqiangbei e le "pokello ea ketane ea phepelo." Khopolo-taba ena e hlalosa kamoo Huaqiangbei e sebelisang thepa e bolokiloeng e le tšireletso ho laola bokgoni ba tlhahiso bo nyolohang, ho bapisa phepelo le tlhoko ka katleho, le ho fokotsa likotsi tsa indasteri tse akaretsang. Khopolo ena e fetohile e 'ngoe ea meralo ea motheo ea ho ithuta nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ea Chaena kamora phetoho le ho buloa. Tlas'a boetapele ba hae, Kinghelm Electronics o 'nile a ameha ka botebo theknolojing ea antenna ea ho tsamaisa ea Beidou/GPS, a kenya letsoho nts'etsopele ea litsamaiso tse ikemetseng tsa ho tsamaisa le ho beha maemo tsa Chaena. Slkor Semiconductor e shebane le disebediswa tsa motlakase tsa silicon carbide, tse atolohang ka potlako masimong a kang dikoloi tse ntjha tsa eneji le di-photovoltaics. Hammoho, mabitso ana a mabeli a sebeletsa bareki ba fetang 30,000 lefatšeng ka bophara 'me a fetohile matšoao a emelang tlhahiso e bohlale ea Chaena e eang lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho phaella moo, liwebsaete tsa semmuso tsa Sechaena le Senyesemane tsa Kinghelm le Slkor li qalile kholomo e reng "Ho Buisana le Bo-rakhoebo ba 100 ba Ikhethang Indastering ea Tlhahiso ea Elektroniki," ho khothaletsa mabitso a semiconductor le likarolo tsa elektroniki tsa Sechaena 'marakeng oa lefats'e le ho khothaletsa likhoebo tse tsoang Huaqiangbei ho nka karolo tlholisanong ea machaba. Motsamaisi Kakaretso Mong. Song o kgethilwe ho ba Morupeli sehlopheng sa Litsebi sa Setsi sa Chinese sa Elektroniki Monghadi. Song ke morupeli oa ho tsebahatsa saense lefapheng la tlhahisoleseling ea elektroniki hape ke mongoli oa likoranta indastering ena. Ka li-platform tse fapaneng tsa inthanete, o phatlalatsa lingoloa tse hlahisang pale ea phetoho le ntlafatso ea Huaqiangbei ho bamameli ba lefats'e ka bophara. Lipatlisiso tsa hae li sebetsa ho Huaqiangbei, ho kenyeletsoa "Patlisiso ka Huaqiangbei," "Phetoho le Nts'etsopele ea Huaqiangbei," le "Ho Hanyetsa Tlaleho ea Bloomberg ka Huaqiangbei," li phatlalalitsoe haholo ke li-platform tse kholo tsa mecha ea litaba tse kang sesebelisoa sa People's Daily Online, Xinhua News Agency, Associated Press, le Yahoo News. Ka lingoliloeng tsena, Huaqiangbei e fetotsoe ka katleho ho tloha khopolo-taba ea eona ea pele e le "setsi sa kabo sa Shanzhai" ho ea boitsebisong bo bocha e le "mohloli oa boqapi ba lisebelisoa tsa lefats'e." Monghali. Song o bapetse karolo e mafolofolo e le mopheti le mofetisi oa machaba oa setšoantšo sa Huaqiangbei, a kenya letsoho ntlafatsong ea botumo ba hae ba lefats'e le kananelo.

Gao Feng o na le lengolo la bachelor ho di-semiconductor ho tsoa Univesithing ya Tsinghua le lengolo la master ho di-microelectronic ho tswa ho China Institute of Microelectronics. Ho tloha ha a qeta dilemo tse 30 tse fetileng, o ntse a sebetsa indastering ya di-semiconductor. O sebeditse ho Microelectronics Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chartered Semiconductor, TSMC America, PDF Solutions, Huahong NEC, Intergreen Chip. Ka 2017, ke ile ka ikopanya le Shixi Capital bakeng sa matsete a phetoho. Balekane ba Capital. Re ameha mererong ya matsete e fetang 40 e akaretsang ketane yohle ya indasteri ya di-semiconductor, ho tloha ho IP, EDA, thepa ho isa ho moralo, ho paka le ho etsa diteko.

Tlhokomeliso: Sengoloa sena se nkiloe hape ho tsoa ho "Inthanete". Sengoloa sena se emela maikutlo a mongoli feela, eseng maikutlo a Sacco Micro le indasteri. Ke sa ho hatisa hape le ho arolelana feela ho tšehetsa ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa thepa ea kelello. Ka kopo bontša mohloli oa pele le mongoli ha u hatisa hape. Haeba ho na le tlōlo efe kapa efe ea molao, ka kopo ikopanye le rona ho e hlakola.

Pampiri ena e bonts'a mekhoa ea likhoebo tsa li-chip ka mor'a hore sengoli se kopanele Core Road le Guo Qihang. E arotsoe ka likarolo tse hlano, e leng: (1) "Ntate le Mora", e buang ka IDM le Foundry/Fabless. (2) "Ntate-moholo o teng kajeno", bua ka IDMP. (3) "Ntate ea Bully", ho bua ka IDM. (4) "Mora ea mahlahahlaha" o bua ka mohlala oa Foundry / Fabless. (4) "Batho bohle ba Chaena ba batla ho ba bo-ntate, empa bara ke bokamoso", e leng maikutlo a mang a botho mabapi le takatso ea likhoebo tsa meralo ea malapeng ea ho etsa IDM moleng oa tlhahiso kapa IDM e bobebe. 一, Ntate le mora Ntate. Pele ho 1987, boholo ba liindasteri tse kopanetsoeng tsa potoloho lefatšeng li ne li le ka mokhoa oa IDM, ke hore, mekhoa e meraro ea ho qaptjoa ha chip, tlhahiso le tlhahlobo le ho paka li ile tsa phethoa ka har'a khoebo. Intel, Samsung, Hynix le Micron ke lik'hamphani tse emelang IDM. Ntle le ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bona, bokgoni ba tlhahiso ya di-chip ba di-giants tsa Intel IDM ka dinako tse ding bo ne bo fana ka palo e nyane ya ditshebeletso tsa ho sebetsana le di-chip le tlhahiso ho ba kantle e le lehlakore. Ka nako eo, ho ne ho se na tšebeletso ea litsebi tsa OEM 'marakeng.Son. Ka 1987, ka ho teba ha indasteri ea lihlahisoa le tsebo e ntseng e eketseha ea karohano ea sechaba ea basebetsi, mohlala oa Foundry-Fabless o nkiloe ho mofuta oa IDM. TSMC Profinseng ea Taiwan e thehile khoebo ea pele lefatšeng ea tlhahiso ea li-chip tsa OEM e hloekileng, e lokolla likhoebo tsa moralo oa li-chip khoebong ea tlhahiso e jang chelete e ngata le e jang thepa e ngata. Likhamphani tse emelang Foundry li kenyelletsa TSMC, Grofeld, UTC, SMIC, Hua Hong Group, jj. Fabless e tletse linaleli, tse kang Qualcomm, Broadcom, Nvidia, MediaTek, HiSilicon jj. 二、Ntate-moholo o ntse a phela. Ho na le mohlala oa khale, o ileng oa amoheloa ke IBM ea pele ea Amerika, mebuso ea Europe e bohareng le linatla tsa morao tjena tsa Majapane. IDM e kopanya moralo, tlhahiso, liphutheloana le liteko feela. Ha ho bapisoa le lik'hamphani tsa IDM tsa potoloho e kopaneng joalo ka Intel United States, lik'hamphani tsa Majapane ha se lik'hamphani tsa IDM ka kutloisiso e tiileng. Li feta IDM, 'me tse holimo le tse tlase li amana haufi-ufi. Re ka 'na ra beha lik'hamphani tsa semiconductor tsa Majapane. Mohlala ona o bitsoa IDMP, Mona, P e bolela Sehlahisoa, e leng mohlala oa bo-ntate-moholo. Ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1990, khoebo ea semiconductor ea Japane e ne e batla e le mafapha a manyenyane tlas'a lihlopha tse kholo, 'me tlhoko ea eona ea theknoloji ea semiconductor le lihlahisoa tsa chip e ne e tsoa lihlahisoa tsa sehlopha sa terminal. Sena se fapane ka ho felletseng le likhoebo tsa IDM joalo ka Intel United States, tse ikemiselitseng ka botlalo ho fihlela litlhoko tse pharalletseng tsa tekheniki le lihlahisoa 'marakeng. Moreki oa pele ke sehlopha sa hae sa k'hamphani ea motsoali, 'me tlhoko ea hae e tsitsitse, empa ho bonolo ho ba le liphetoho tse ke keng tsa qojoa ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa sehlopha sa k'hamphani ea motsoali; Ea morao ke 'maraka oohle, o nang le sebaka se seholo le liphephetso tse ngata tsa tekheniki, tse thusang ntlafatsong ea ts'ebetso e felletseng ea lihlahisoa. IDMP ea Japane, mohatong oa pele oa nts'etsopele ea li-semiconductor, Japane e ile ea fumana monyetla o itseng oa ho etella pele ka lebaka la mokhoa oa eona oa IDMP, haholo-holo katleho e ntle ea likhoebo tsa Majapane mebarakeng ea li-terminal joalo ka lisebelisoa tse nyane tsa ntlo, e leng se ileng sa lebisa nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea li-semiconductor ea Japane, le e kileng ea holisa lihlopha tse kopaneng tsa elektroniki tsa maemo a lefats'e tse kang Sony, NEC, Toshiba, Hitachi le Fujitsu. Mathata a IDMP le 'ona a totobetse. Pele ho tsohle, mafapha a semiconductor a lihlopha tse kholo a na le tataiso e tsitsitseng ea thekiso le tataiso ea R&D, khaello ea tikoloho ea tlholisano le tšusumetso e fokolang ea ntlafatso ea theknoloji. Taba ea bobeli, lefapha la semiconductor le susumetsoa habonolo ke lefapha la bofelo ba sehlopha. Haeba thekiso ea thepa ea terminal e le ntle, ts'ebetso ea lefapha la semiconductor e tla ba ntle, 'me ka tsela e fapaneng. Japane e kile ea nka boholo ba lits'ebetso tse tlase tsa indasteri ea semiconductor, ho kenyeletsoa TV, PC, seea-le-moea, lisebelisoa tsa lapeng, jj. Ha thepa e fetisetsoa ho li-terminals tse bohlale tse kang lithelefono tsa cellular le matlapa, tlhahiso ea thepa Japane e ntse e fokotseha ka potlako, e leng se bakang khaello ea lik'hamphani tsa Majapane har'a tse tšeletseng tse ka sehloohong tse hlahisang mehala ea thelefono lefatšeng, e leng se lebisang ho fokotseng Indasteri ea semiconductor ea Japane. Lefapha la li-semiconductor, le hlomphuoang ka lihlopha tse kholo, le lona ha le na tšusumetso ea ho iqapela, 'me melemo ea sehlopha ha e ntle, kahoo tšehetso ea R&D bakeng sa lekala la semiconductor e fokotsehile ka tsela e tšoanang. Hammoho le mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa mosebetsi oa bophelo bohle Japane, bacha ba ikemiselitse ho sebetsa lifekthering tse kholo bophelo bohle ba bona. Ho thata ho bona tlhase ea bo-rakhoebo ba semiconductor ba setaele sa Silicon Valley United States ka ntle ho lihlopha tse kholo tsa Majapane. "Mokhoa oa IDMP" ha se tšobotsi ea naha ea Japane, 'me indasteri ea semiconductor Europe e na le phihlelo e tšoanang. Siemens e Jeremane le Philips ea Netherlands ka bobeli ke lihlopha tse kopanetsoeng tsa tlhahisoleseding ea elektronike, 'me likarohano tsa bona tsa semiconductor li matla haholo. Ka 1999, Siemens Group of Germany e ile ea arola khoebo ea eona ea semiconductor mme ea theha k'hamphani e ncha, e leng INFINEON ea Jeremane, khoebo ea IDM, e boemong ba bobeli lefatšeng la li-chips tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi kajeno. Philips Group ea Netherlands e ile ea arola khoebo ea eona ea semiconductor ka 2006 'me ea theha k'hamphani e ncha, e leng NXP Company ea Netherlands, e leng ea pele lefatšeng la li-chip tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi kajeno. 三、Ntate ea hatellang. Ho na le maikutlo a tloaelehileng a hore lik'hamphani tsa meralo li ka etsa IDM mocheng oa tlhahiso ha li na le maemo. Litsenyehelo tsa ho bula fektheri ea chip qetellong e tlaase ke USD 1 limilione tse likete, 'me haeba u batla ho sebetsa boemong ba ts'ebetso ea UTC kapa Grofond, litšenyehelo ke USD 50 limilione tse likete. Hlooho ea MediaTek Profinseng ea Taiwan e kile ea fana ka maikutlo a reng: "Haeba phaello ea k'hamphani ea IDM e feta USD 5 bilione, ke lumela hore ba ntse ba ka boloka lintho tsa bona tse ntle, empa haeba e le fektheri e mahareng e ka tlase ho USD 2 bilione kapa USD 3 bilione, ke tšaba hore e tlameha ho fetoha k'hamphani ea meralo ea Fabless." Polelo ena e ka boela ea utloisisoa e le, haeba chelete e kenang ea selemo le selemo ea k'hamphani ea moralo oa chip e hloekileng e fihla boemong ba $5 bilione, joale mokhoa oa IDM o ka nahanoa ka matla a moruo. Chelete e kenang ea MediaTek ka 2021 e ne e le holimo ho $17.4 bilione, e feta moeli oa eona oa moruo o phatlalalitsoeng oa ho khona ho haha ​​​​fektheri ea eona bakeng sa IDM, 'me ha ea ka ea etsa khetho e joalo. Hoo e ka bang li-IDM tsohle li thehiloe pele ho 1990.。30 Ho theosa le lilemo, ho tloha ka nako eo, ha ho k'hamphani e kholo ea meralo e fetotseng IDM.，Ho kenyeletsoa Qualcomm (chelete e kenang ea $26.8 bilione ka 2021), Broadcom (chelete e kenang ea $18.7 bilione ka 2021), Nvidia (chelete e kenang ea $16.2 bilione ka 2021) jj. Jwalo ka khamphani e thehilweng ya IDM, AMD e ile ya tlosa makala ohle a yona a tlhahiso ya ditshipi ka 2015, ke hore, Khamphani ya Grofeld ya kajeno ya United States, mme ya ikhula mokgweng wa IDM. Ke hobaneng ha o re ntate o hatella? Mabaka a mabeli: Ea pele, ho ba IDM ho hloka chelete e ngata. Thepa ea eona ea feme ha e na letsete le phahameng la nako e le 'ngoe feela, empa hape e hloka matsete a mashome a libilione ka mor'a lilemo tse ling le tse ling tse 2-3, e leng moroalo o boima haholo oa tšebeliso ea chelete. Esita le United States e ruileng motse-moholo, ke Intel feela e nang le mahlohonolo a ho etella pele indasteri ea lik'homphieutha, e leng se nolofalletsang ho tsetela haholo ho nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea logic, e leng se etsang hore e be moetapele ea ke keng a bapisoa tšimong ena, 'me a itšetlehile ka phaello ea monopoly ho tsoela pele. tsetela lifemeng. Ha e le Micron, k'hamphani e 'ngoe ea IDM United States, e boetse e bakoa ke hore e sebakeng se theko e tlase haholo United States (Idaho), e leng se e nolofalletsang ho pholoha maqhubu a tlase a li-semiconductor lilemong tsa bo-1990 le mathoasong a bo-2000. Ea bobeli, likhoebo tsa IDM li hahile lithibelo tse phahameng haholo tsa lebota, 'me boholo ba tsona li boemong bo phahameng indastering, ebang ke Intel bakeng sa CPU, Texas Instruments bakeng sa li-chip tsa analog, Samsung, Hynix le Micron bakeng sa li-chip tsa memori. Mora ea mafolofoloTsoalo ea mokhoa oa Foundry-Fabless e theotse moeli oa moralo oa li-chip haholo. Baenjiniere ba 'maloa ba nang le boiphihlelo ba li-chip ba ka theha sehlopha ho etsa khoebo ea moralo oa li-chip, ebe ba lefella likhoebo tsa ho etsa li-chip hore li li sebetse le ho li hlahisa, li thehe lihlahisoa tsa lets'oao le ikemetseng. Sekhahla sa lekeno la likhoebo tsa Fabless le sona se ntse se phahama, 'me ba qothisana lehlokoa le ba boholong ba IDM. Batho ba hloahloa ba baetsi ba Foundry ba etsa lintho tsa profeshenale, ba tsepamisa maikutlo ho hoketseng matsete a R&D, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea bokhoni, ho fokotsa litšenyehelo, le ho etsa chelete e ngata. Ho ya ka data ya dipalopalo ho tloha ka 2005 ho isa ho 2018, sekgahla sa kgolo sa dikgwebo tsa Foundry le Fabless se feta hole sa Intel, e leng kgwebo e etellang pele ya IDM nakong yona eo. Ketsahalo e kgahlehang ke hore Grofangde, e thehilweng ke AMD, e se e le Foundry ya bobedi e kgolo ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng, mme tshebetso ya yona ya tshebetso e bile e sa kgotsofatse. E bile le tahlehelo e felletseng ka dilemo tse ngata, e leng se ke keng sa bapiswa le sekgahla sa phaello ya selemo le selemo sa TSMC e kgolo ka ho fetisisa, e fetang 30%, mme melemo ya yona e mpe le ho feta ya SMIC le Hua Hong Group, e leng dikhamphani tse kgolo tsa bohlano le tsa botshelela. Sena, ka lehlakoreng le leng, se bontša hore khoebo ea tlhahiso ea li-chip tlas'a mokhoa oa pele oa AMD IDM ha e na boiphihlelo le ts'ebetso ea litšenyehelo, 'me ha e na tlholisano ea' maraka. Na e senya motse-moholo oa khale oa khoebo ea meralo? Bo-ntate kaofela ba leba mokhoeng oa mora. 。Le hoja ntate a hatella, ka linako tse ling o ikutloa a le molato. Hobane ntate o hloka ho akaretsa lintlha tsohle le ho laola likarolo tsohle tsa litaba, ha a hlōlisana le bacha, hangata ha a khone ho etsa joalo likarolong tse ling. Mokgweng wa indasteri ya semiconductor, bo-ntate ba hlahelletseng ba ntse ba atamela haufi le mokgwa wa mora.1. Mohlala, AMD United States e nahana ka ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha lehlakoreng le leng ho ea ho le leng, 'me e fumana hore fektheri e kholo e amme matsete a eona a shebaneng le moralo. E arotse fektheri, 'me letsoho le robehileng la monna ea matla le ka ba le khanyang hape.2. Mohlala, Samsung Electronics ea maobane e atlehile ho holisa boto ea Foundry ho tloha 100%IDM, 'me e se e le k'hamphani ea bobeli e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea ho etsa li-chip foundry lefatšeng ka mor'a TSMC, 'me e ipehetse pakane ea "ho etsa hore li-chip foundry e be tsa pele lefatšeng ka 2030".3. Mohlala, Texas Instruments, Infineon le NXP Renesas tsa maobane ha li sa tsitlallela ho 100%IDM, empa li lahlile tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea tlhahiso ea li-chip ho TSMC le lik'hamphani tse ling tsa foundry.4. Mohlala, Intel ea kajeno e fumane hore ntlafatso ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea li-chip e lahlehetsoe ke TSMC e nyane, 'me e tsilatsila ho ithuta AMD. 五、Batho ba Machaena kaofela ba batla ho ba bo-ntate, empa bara ke bokamoso. Joale re ka bona hore TSMC, Qualcomm, Nvidia, Broadcom, jj. ba khethile mohlala o monyenyane ka ho fetisisa oa "Foundry/Fabless", o tletseng matla le mafolofolo! Intel, Texas Instruments, NXP, Infineon, jj. ba khethile ho khomarela mokhoa oa IDM, o hōlileng tsebong le o tsitsitseng! Ke lik'hamphani tsa semiconductor tsa Majapane feela lefatšeng ka bophara tse lulang li latela mokhoa oa ntate-moholo, 'me li tsofetse ebile li tsofetse! E bile feela ha Lefapha la Semiconductor la motlakase la mitsubishi, Lefapha la Semiconductor la Hitachi le Lefapha la Electronics la NEC li e-ba le ts'ebetso e thata moo li ileng tsa arohana le ntlo-kholo ea tsona 'me tsa hlophisa bocha Renesas Electronics moo li-semiconductor tsa Majapane li ileng tsa kena ka mokhoa oa IDM ho tloha mokhoeng oa IDMP ka karolo. Mokhoa oa Chaena o fapane. Maikutlo a tloaelehileng ke hore Chaena e tobane le thibelo ea theknoloji e phahameng ea United States esita le lefats'e lohle la bophirima, 'me e tla tobana le kotsi e kholo ea lik'hamphani tsa ho etsa li-chip tsa mose ho maoatle tse hanang ho li etsetsa likonteraka. Ka hona, hoa hlokahala hore lik'hamphani tsa meralo li fetole IDM. Ka hona, lilemong tsa morao tjena, Hangzhou Shilanwei, Wuxi Huarunwei, BYD Semiconductor, Gekewei, Wentai le Zhuoshengwei kaofela li fetohela mokhoeng oa IDM. Mongoli o lumela hore hoa hlokahala hore likhoebo tse ling tse hloekileng tsa moralo oa li-chip tse nang le matla a moruo li hahe lifeme ho rarolla phepelo ea bokhoni ka nako e khuts'oane. Ho latela maemo a sebele, likhoebo tse amehang li tsepamisa maikutlo haholo ho litheknoloji tse sa tsoetseng pele joalo ka ketsiso le matla, tseo ehlileng li leng hole le ho tima lenyora, 'me li ke keng tsa khotsofatsoa ke litsi tsa litsebi ka nako e khutšoane ka mabaka a mabeli. Taba ea pele, likhoebo tsa OEM tse etellang pele li phathahane ka katoloso ea bokhoni ba tlhahiso bo tsoetseng pele ba lisenthimithara tse 12, 'me ha li na matla a mangata lits'ebetsong tsena tse seng tsa tsoelo-pele. Sa bobedi, maemo a naha a China, dikgwebo tsa OEM tsa hlooho ya lehae di hole le boemo boo TSMC e nang le phaello e kgolo mme e ka iketsetsa matsete a ho sebedisa hape, kahoo di itshetlehile haholo ka tjhelete e tswang diforomong tsa matsete a diindasteri tsa mmuso wa naha le wa lehae. Jwalo ka ha re tseba kaofela, ho sa tsotelehe matona a mmuso kapa mebuso ya lehae, ba sekametse haholo ho etsa mela le dihlahiswa tsa tlhahiso tse hodimo, tse kgolo le tse boleng bo hodimo, ba lebeletse diphetoho ho ena le "kaho e sa hlokahaleng ya maemo a tlase". Ka hona, le hoja likhoebo tsa ho theha thepa tse ka sehloohong li lemoha phaello ea lits'ebetso tse seng tsa tsoetse pele, ho thata ho fumana chelete e lekaneng ho qeta lisenthimithara tse 8 kapa esita le lisenthimithara tse 1245.5. Matsete meleng e latelang ea tlhahiso ea nanometer. Leha ho le joalo, qetellong, ho itšetlehile ka ts'ebetso ea litšenyehelo le tlholisano ea 'maraka ea lihlahisoa. Na ho tla ba le lik'hamphani tse ngata kapa tse makholo tsa semiconductor naheng ea China tse hloahloa ho moralo oa li-chip, tlhahiso ea li-chip le taolo ea feme? Ho totobetse hore che, ka mor'a tsohle, ho na le tsebo e khethehileng indastering, 'me ha ho na bonnete ba hore u ka finyella sepheo se setle ka boikemisetso bo matla. ho phaella moo, tse ding tsa dikhamphani tse kgolo tsa elektroniki tsa bareki ba lehae, dikhamphani tse kgolo tsa dikoloi, dikhamphani tse kgolo tsa puisano, le dikhamphani tse kgolo tsa gridi ya motlakase di tswile ho ya etsa moralo wa di-chip ka seqo. Leha kopanyo ya moralo wa di-chip, tlhahiso, le mosebedisi wa ho qetela e so thehwe, mohlala wa moralo wa di-chip + wa moreki wa ho qetela o nka tsela ya kgale ya mohlala wa ntate-moholo wa Japane wa IDMP. Ha ke nahane hore ena ke tharollo ea nako e telele.。Ke nahana hore lilemong tse 'maloa tse tlang, likhoebo tsa IDM Chaena li tla aroloa ka libaka tse tharo: Ea pele, e ntse e le khoebo ea IDM, haholo-holo ho ketsiso le polokelo. Ea bobeli, tlhahiso e tlosoa 'me e khutlisetsoa likhoebong tse hloekileng tsa moralo oa chip. Ea boraro, phetisetso ea litokelo tsa taolo ho likhoebo tsa head foundry ha e netefatse feela hore ho na le bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea pele, empa hape e qoba ho sitisa matla a feteletseng khoebong ea tlhahiso e seng ntle. Mokhoa oa boraro ke tataiso eo Sony Group of Japan e e nkang. Sony ke moetapele indastering ea lefats'e ea li-sensor tsa litšoantšo tsa CMOS 'me esale e le khoebo ea IDM; Ha re nahana hore li-sensor tsa litšoantšo tsa Sony CMOS li ne li rekisoa haholo-holo lik'hamera, lifono tsa selefouno, lik'hamera tsa video le likarolo tse ling tsa khoebo ka har'a sehlopha, Sony e ne e le khoebo ea IDMP ka nako eo. Kajeno, Sony e khethile ho sebelisana le TSMC ho haha ​​​​mohala o tsoetseng pele oa tlhahiso oa lisenthimithara tse 12 Japane, o sebelisoang ka ho khetheha ho fihlela tlhoko ea bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea Sony, 'me mmuso oa Japane o fane ka lithuso tse kholo ka ho lekana. Tlhokomeliso: Sengoloa sena se hlahisitsoe hape ho tsoa "Inthanete". Sengoloa sena se emela maikutlo a mongoli feela, eseng maikutlo a Sacco Micro le indasteri. Ke feela bakeng sa ho hatisa le ho arolelana ho tšehetsa ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa thepa ea kelello. Ka kopo bontša mohloli oa pele le mongoli ha u hatisa hape. Haeba ho na le tlōlo efe kapa efe ea molao, ka kopo ikopanye le rona ho e hlakola.

Mmaraka oa kajeno oa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki o hloka ho kopanngoa ha mesebetsi e mengata ea lebelo le phahameng holim'a liboto tsa potoloho tse hatisitsoeng tse nyane (PCBS) botong e le 'ngoe, e leng se etsang hore baqapi ba behe lithapo haufi haholo ho ntlafatsa liphutheloana le sebaka. Ho ba haufi hona ho ka lebisa ho kopanngoa ho sa lebelloang ha masimo a motlakase, e leng ketsahalo e tsejoang e le Crosstalk (sheba Setšoantšo sa 1).

Indasteri ea semiconductor ke indasteri ea mantlha e tšehetsang ho aha matla a maano a saense le theknoloji a Chaena, 'me likarolo tsa semiconductor ke tšimo ea bohlokoa ho fumana nts'etsopele ea boleng bo holimo ea indasteri ea semiconductor ea Chaena. Le hoja indasteri ea semiconductor ea Chaena e le mohatong oa ho potlakisa nts'etsopele, indasteri ea likarolo tsa semiconductor ea lehae e ntse e tobane le mathata a mangata, joalo ka sekhahla se tlase sa ho etsa libaka, tšehetso e sa lekaneng ea nako e telele le matsete, bokhoni bo fokolang ba boqapi bo ikemetseng ba likhoebo, tšebelisano e mpe ea indasteri e holimo le e tlase, khaello ea koetliso ea talenta le mokhoa oa khothatso. Pampiri ena e tla akaretsa ka botlalo litšobotsi tsa nts'etsopele le likhoebo tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri ea likarolo tsa semiconductor ea lefats'e, ho ithuta boholo ba 'maraka le mokhoa oa nts'etsopele lapeng le kantle ho naha, le ho fana ka litlhahiso tse nepahetseng tsa nts'etsopele bakeng sa mathata a maholo a tobaneng le indasteri ea likarolo tsa semiconductor ea lehae hajoale.

(Nasdaq: SNPS) ke mofani ea ka sehloohong oa lisebelisoa tsa software tsa othomathike ea moralo oa elektroniki (EDA) bakeng sa moralo oa potoloho e kopaneng lefatšeng ka bophara. Ho fana ka sethala se tsoetseng pele sa moralo oa IC le netefatso bakeng sa 'maraka oa lefats'e oa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki, se inehetseng ho nts'etsopele ea sistimi e rarahaneng ho chip (SoC). Synopsys e boetse e fana ka lits'ebeletso tsa thepa ea kelello le moralo tse nolofatsang ts'ebetso ea moralo le ho potlakisa lihlahisoa ho ea 'marakeng.

Ha Python e fetoha puo e hlahelletseng ea mananeo, MicroPython e ile ea ata haholo sebakeng sa sistimi e kentsoeng, haholo ho ESP32 e tsebahalang le mojule oa RP2040 oa Pico o sa tsoa lokolloa ke Raspberry PI Foundation.

Ho ea ka TrendForce, tlhoko ea kamora seoa, phetoho ea tlhahiso ea puisano, likotsi tsa geopolitical le tšabo e bakiloeng ke khaello ea nako e telele li tsoetse pele ho ata kotara ea bobeli, 'me li susumetsoa ke tlhahiso e tsoelang pele ea litheko tse ntseng li phahama kotara ea pele, tlhahiso ea foundry e fihlile ho $24.407 bilione kotara ea bobeli, e nyolohile ka 6.2% ho tloha kotara ea boraro ea 2019. E behile maemo a macha a holimo bakeng sa likotara tse robeli tse latellanang.

Ha bongata ba ditransistor tsa IC bo ntse bo atamela moedi wa mmele, ho ba thata le ho feta ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya IC feela ka ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya tlhahiso. Mabapi le mokhoa wa ho ntshetsa pele mehla ya kamora Moore ya indasteri ya IC, lefatshe le ntse le batla ka mafolofolo mahlale a matjha, mekgwa e metjha le ditsela tse ntjha. E le ho ntshetsa pele boqapi ba theknoloji le ho potlakisa ntshetsopele ya diindasteri ya dipotoloho tse kopaneng tsa China mehleng ya kamora Moore, Mokgatlo wa Indasteri ya Semiconductor wa China le China Electronics News ka kopanelo di qadile letoto la ditlaleho tse nang le sehlooho se reng "Ditsebi tsa thuto di bua ka Phetoho ya theknoloji Mehleng ya Kamora Moore", e tla buisana le ditsebi tsa thuto masimong a amanang ho buisana ka tataiso ya ntshetsopele ya indasteri ya semiconductor mehleng ya kamora Moore.

(E tswela pele ho tloha Karolong ya I: Moralo wa Potoloho e Kopantsweng, Karolo ya II: Tlhahiso ya Potoloho e Kopantsweng, Karolo ya III: Sephutheloana sa Motheo, Teko, le Sephutheloana se Tswetseng Pele) 5. Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa semiconductor (1) Kakaretso ea Lisebelisoa tsa Tlhahiso ea Semiconductor Likhoebo tse Nyane le tse Mahareng Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea lisebelisoa tsa ts'ebetso le tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa semiconductor tse sebelisoang ke likhoebo tse nyane le tse mahareng ts'ebetsong e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mohala oa tlhahiso ea semiconductor. Ho na le disebediswa tse ikgethang tsa semiconductor (tshebetso ya pele) bakeng sa ho etsa di-wafer tse se nang letho (thepa), disebediswa tsa ho sebetsana le di-wafer tse se nang letho ho di-wafer tsa ho qetela (tshebetso ya kamora ho sebetsa), le disebediswa tsa ho etsa di-photomaske (tlhahiso ya maske). Baetsi ba di-chip ba hloka mefuta e fapaneng ya disebediswa tsa pele mefuteng ya bona ya tlhahiso. Litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng tsa ho etsa li-semiconductor tsa pele ke lebaka le ka sehloohong la litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa li-semiconductor fabs, ho kenyeletsoa le litšenyehelo tsa ho haha ​​​​li-fabs tse hloekileng haholo. Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor tsa karolo e ka pele li kenyelletsa lisebelisoa tsa lits'ebetso tsa tlhahiso ea chip tse kang photolithography, etching, doping kapa ion implantation, deposition, polishing, kapa chemical mechanical planarization. Tse hlokometsoeng ka ho khetheha ke lisebelisoa tsa tšepe-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), mofuta o itseng oa lisebelisoa tsa ho boloka tse bolokang likarolo tse tšesaane tsa litšepe tse itseng, tse sebelisoang haholo-holo ho hlahisa li-semiconductor tse kopaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tse thehiloeng ho GaAs le GaN. Thepa ea ho etsa semiconductor ea morao-rao ea SME e kenyelletsa ATP le lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele tsa ho paka. (2) Boemo ba hona joale Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor li laoloa ke lik'hamphani tse Amerika (karolo ea 41.7% mabapi le chelete e kenang thekisong), Japane (31.1%) le Netherlands (18.8%). Korea Boroa e na le karolo ea 2.2%, 'me karolo e setseng e ka bang 6.2% e arolelanoa ke Chaena, Jeremane, Taiwan, Iseraele, Canada le linaha tse ling tse Asia Boroa-bochabela le Europe. Bongata ba bahlahisi ba disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor tsa Korea Borwa ke ba Samsung kapa SK Hynix, bareki ba ka sehloohong ba dikhamphani tsena tsa disebediswa tsa di-semiconductor tsa Korea Borwa ke dikhamphani tsa di-semiconductor tsa Korea Borwa. Leha ho boetse ho na le k'hamphani ea Chaena e hlahisang mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor, lik'hamphani tsa Chaena ha li na karolo e kholo ea sehlopha sefe kapa sefe sa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor ntle le kopano ea morao-rao, lisebelisoa tsa ho paka le MOCVD. Ka kakaretso, US e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e kholo ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor tsa pele, ntle le tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa lithography tse shebaneng haholo Netherlands le Japane. The US hape e ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e kholo ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea lisebelisoa tsa liteko tsa morao-rao. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, United States e na le karolo e nyane haholo 'marakeng tlhahisong ea lefats'e ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor tsa morao-rao (lisebelisoa tsa ho kopanya le ho paka), ha Chaena e na le karolo e kholo. Leha Chaena hajoale e itshetlehile haholo ka disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor tse seng tsa China (ntle le diphutheloana le MOCVD), e tsetela haholo ho tsepamisa maikutlo tlhahisong ya disebediswa tse jwalo. Matsete ana a fa lik'hamphani tse ruang molemo monyetla o moholo oa ho nts'etsapele le ho hlahisa lisebelisoa tsa chip tsa sejoale-joale ha li bapisoa le lik'hamphani tse ling. Jwalo ka ha chate e ka tlase e bontsha, ha US E na le karolo e kholo ea 'maraka tlhahisong ea boholo ba likhoebo tse nyane le tse mahareng tse ka pele, mokhelo o hlokomelehang ke lisebelisoa tsa lithography scan/stepper, tse batlang li entsoe ka botlalo ke k'hamphani ea Madache ASML le lik'hamphani tsa Majapane Nikon le Canon. Bakeng sa mechine ea lithography, ASML (Netherlands) ke eona feela mohlahisi oa li-stepper/scanner tsa EUV, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lipotoloho tse kopaneng tse nang le bophara ba mela ea 5 nm kapa ka tlase. Leha ho le jwalo, ke baetsi ba di-semiconductor ba babedi feela, TSMC le Samsung, ba sebedisang mechine ya EUV tlhahisong, mme sesebediswa se le seng se ja tjhelete e fetang $100 milione. ASML le Nikon ka bobeli ba hlahisa mechine ea lithography e tebileng ea ultraviolet (DUV) e hlahisang khanya ka har'a maske ea photomask 'me e etsa setšoantšo se nyenyefalitsoeng sa paterone ea maske ea photomask holim'a wafer. Kantle ho Netherlands le Japane, karolo ea lisebelisoa tsa lithography tsa US le linaha tse ling ke haholo-holo bakeng sa li-chips tse itseng tse nang le molumo o tlase kapa bakeng sa ho etsa li-photomaske. Sete ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor e ka ba le likarolo tse ka bang 100+, 'me likarolo le lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor ke sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa khoebo indastering. Ho ea ka phuputso ea Palo ea Bahlahisi, halofo ea baahi ba US Chelete e kenang thekisong ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor e ea likarolong le thepa e 'ngoe. Linaha tse fetang 130 tsa Amerika lik'hamphani li fana ka likarolo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse rekisoang ke lik'hamphani tsa kantle ho naha. Haholo-holo, Cymer (USA) e etsa di-laser bakeng sa mechini ya ASML ya EUV stepper/scanner lithography. ASML e rekile Cymer ka 2013, empa Cymer e ntse e le yuniti e ikemetseng e sebetsang ea ASML e thehiloeng US. Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea potoloho ea thekiso ka lebaka la limmaraka le bareki ba fokolang, lik'hamphani tse ngata tse kholo tsa lisebelisoa li etsa mefuta e fetang e le 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa e le ho fa bareki sete e felletseng ea lisebelisoa le likhetho tsa tlhokomelo. Likhamphani tsa lisebelisoa tsa lithography stepper/scanner tse kang ASML ke mekhelo molaong ona ka lebaka la theknoloji e ikhethang ea lisebelisoa. Lam Research, Tokyo Electron (TEL) e shebane le ho beoa le ho tjheswa ha diminerale, ha KLA yona e shebane le metrology le tlhahlobo. Mokhelo o le mong ho ba etellang pele Japane le Netherlands ke thepa ea MOCVD, e sebelisetsoang ho hlahisa li-semiconductor tse entsoeng ka thepa e 'ngoe ntle le silicon joalo ka GaN le GaAs, ho kenyeletsoa li-LED, li-laser diode le li-chip tse ling tsa photonic, lisebelisoa tsa motlakase/RF le lisele tsa letsatsi. Jwalo ka ha ho boletswe ka hodimo, di-chip tsa GaN di na le ditlamorao tsa tshireletso ya mawa. Lisebelisoa tsa MOCVD li etsoa ke Veeco (USA), Aixtron (Jeremane) le AMEC (China). Chaena e leka ho fumana karolo ea 'maraka 'marakeng oa MOCVD ka ho reka. Ka 2016, mokhatlo oa Chaena oa Fujian Grand Chip Investment Fund, k'hamphani e thehiloeng bakeng sa tumellano ena, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhatlo ea mmuso le ea libaka, e ile ea leka ho reka Aixtron, empa tumellano ena e ile ea thibeloa ke Mopresidente Obama ka mor'a hore tlhahlobo ea Komiti ea Matsete a Kantle ho Naha United States (CFIUS) e etse tlhahlobo, mohlomong ea moreki ea ileng a tlohela tlhahiso ea ho nka thepa. Likhamphani tse tharo tse ka sehloohong bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho fata ke Lam Research (US), Tokyo Electron (Japane), le Applied Materials (US). Likhamphani tsa Chaena, ho kenyeletsoa le AMEC, li na le boiphihlelo bo itseng ba ho fata 'me li ka fana ka lisebelisoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tlase, leha ho le joalo, karolo ea tsona ea' maraka e ka ba 1% feela. The US e na le karolo e nyane ea 'maraka (4.9%) ho li-SME tse nyenyane tse pakang thepa ea morao ha li bapisoa le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor tse ka pele. Japane e na le karolo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lisebelisoa tsa ho paka (35.7%), e lateloa ke Chaena (22.9%) le Netherlands (11.1%). Leha ho le jwalo, Kulicke le Soffa tse Amerika ke khamphani e etellang pele ya disebediswa tsa ho paka tsa di-semiconductor. The US 'me Japane e etella pele ka lisebelisoa tsa liteko tsa morao-rao (ATP) ka karolo ea 'maraka ea 33.5% le 48.6%, ka ho latellana. (3) Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor, kotsi ea United States Ho itšetleha ka thekiso ea kantle ho naha (e seng ea US): Ha US e na le karolo e kholo ea 'maraka oa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor, US bahlahisi ba itshetlehile haholo ka thekiso ya dinaha tse ding. Jwalo ka bahlahisi ba baholo ka ho fetisisa ba di-semiconductor, Taiwan, China le Korea Borwa ke mebaraka e meholo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor. Leha Taiwan e lebelletsoe ho fumana boemo ba yona hape e le mmaraka o moholo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor ka 2021 le 2022, ka lebaka la tshebediso e boima e hlokahalang ke di-chip fabs, Applied Materials le Lam Research di tlaleha hore hoo e ka bang 90% ya lekeno lohle la yona la 2020 le tla tswa thekisong e seng ya US. Lekeno la Lam Research le tswang Chaena le eketsehile ho tloha ho 16% ka 2018 ho ya ho 31% ka 2020. Ka lebaka leo, US Baetsi ba lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor ba kotsing ea ho angoa haholo ke lithibelo tsa khoebo tsa US-China kapa liphetoho tse sa lebelloang tsa tlhoko Asia. Tšusumetso e hlahang e ka feta hole phokotseho ea chelete e kenang hona joale, kaha bahlahisi ba li-semiconductor ba na le phihlelo ea ho notleloa ha lisebelisoa, 'me ho fetola bafani ba lisebelisoa ho hloka meralo e turang. Mohlala, Lam Research e hlokometse tlalehong ea eona ea selemo le selemo ea 2020, "Hang ha moetsi oa semiconductor a itlama ho reka lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor tsa mohlodisani, hangata moetsi o tsoela pele ho reka lisebelisoa tsa mohlodisani eo, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata hore re rekisetse moreki eo nakong e tlang." lisebelisoa.” Ho phaella moo, thekiso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor e lekanyelitsoe liunivesithing le lik'hamphaning tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor tse nang le liaparo tsa feshene. Likhamphani tsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea semiconductor li ke ke tsa holisa bareki ba tsona ka ntle ho mekhahlelo ena hobane lisebelisoa tse joalo li ikhetha indastering ea semiconductor. Lithuso tsa China bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor li sotha 'maraka: Ho phaella moo, Chaena e rera ho fana ka lithuso tse kholo ho lefella tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea li-semiconductor naheng. Mokhahlelo oa bobeli oa Letlole la Matsete la Indasteri ea Potoloho e Kopaneng ea Naha ea Chaena le shebane le mechine ea ho betla, lisebelisoa tsa ho boloka, liteko le lisebelisoa tsa ho hloekisa li-wafer, ka lichelete tse tlohang ho $28.9 ho isa ho $47 bilione. Lithuso tsena li boloka lik'hamphani tsa Chaena li ntse li sebetsa, leha boholo ba tsona li bonahala li se na phaello. Mohlala, ho ya ka Mokgatlo wa Tshebedisano-mmoho ya Moruo le Ntshetso-pele (OECD), "ho kenngwa ha tjhelete ya mmuso ho bile le tshusumetso e hlakileng tshebetsong ya ditjhelete ya bahlahisi ba di-semiconductor ba China," moo keketseho ya matlotlo a dikhamphani e sa kang ya tsamaellana le kgolo ya phaello. Lithuso tsena li fa lik'hamphani tsa Chaena chelete ea ho tsetela lipatlisisong le nts'etsopele tlhahisong ea li-semiconductor tsa moloko o latelang, e leng se li fang monyetla o moholo ho feta lik'hamphani tse seng tsa Chaena tse sa fumaneng lithuso tse joalo. Ho fapana le nakong e fetileng, bahlahisi ba disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor kajeno ba tsilatsila ho tsetela ho R&D bakeng sa boholo ba di-wafer tsa moloko o latelang, ka lebaka la R&D e kgolo le ditshenyehelo tsa motse-moholo ho etsa disebediswa tsa tlhahiso ya di-semiconductor le ho se tsitse ha tlhahiso ya di-chip tse etellang pele e tla etswa neng le hokae.

(Latela karolo ea I kaholimo: Moralo oa Potoloho e Kopaneng (Mabapi le Tlhahiso ea Potoloho e Kopantsoeng (1) Khakanyo ea Motheo ea Citigroup ea Indasteri ea Tlhahiso ea Potoloho e Kopantsoeng Lihlahisoa tsa semiconductor li tsamaisa hoo e ka bang lekala le leng le le leng la moruo, ho kenyeletsoa matla, tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, temo, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, tlhahiso le lipalangoang. Tlhoko ea tšebeliso ea lefats'e ea li-semiconductor ka 2019 ke: lifono tsa thekeng (26%), meralo ea motheo ea tlhahisoleseling le puisano (ho kenyeletsoa litsi tsa data, marang-rang a puisano) (24%); Lik'homphieutha (19%), indasteri (12%), likoloi (10%) le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki (10%). Hoo e ka bang 9% ea lits'ebetso tsena tse fapaneng li tšehetsa ka kotloloho ts'ireletso ea naha le tsa bohlokoa

(Kamora karolo ea I: Moralo oa potoloho e kopaneng; ATP (Kopano, Teko, le Pakete) le pakete e tsoetseng pele (1) Bakeng sa ATP ea semiconductor ea morao-rao ea theknoloji e tlase, United States e itšetleha haholo ka mehloli ea kantle ho naha e kopaneng Asia. (2) Ha li-chips li ntse li rarahana haholoanyane, mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho paka e emela libaka tse ka bang teng bakeng sa tsoelo-pele e kholo ea theknoloji. Leha ho le joalo, US ha se sebaka se theko e tlaase sa ho nts'etsapele indasteri e matla e tsoetseng pele ea ho paka hobane e haelloa ke tikoloho ea thepa e hlokahalang; (3) Ho latela sena,

Likotsi, rarolla likheo le ho theha leano la ho fana ka boima ba ketane.

"Sesebelisoa sa semiconductor sa Chaena se ka tšoaroa ke boemo ba lefats'e ka lilemo tse kae? Karabo eo ke e fileng lilemong tse peli tse fetileng ke hore sephutheloana se fihletse boemo ba lefats'e. Moralo o nka lilemo tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10. Mehopolo e nka lilemo tse 10-15. Lisebelisoa/lisebelisoa li nka lilemo tse 10-20, 'me moeli o phahameng o tla lieha haholo." Setšoantšo: Chen Datong, molekane oa Puhua Capital, nakoana pele ho moo, Chen Datong o ile a tla Sand Dune Academy ho arolelana khoebo ea hae ea semiconductor le pono ea matsete lilemong tse mashome a mararo tse fetileng. Sengoloa sena se arolelana litaba tsa desensitization: Na u ka etsa chelete ea ho tsetela indastering ea semiconductor ea Chaena? Ke ile ka ea Sebokeng sa Selemo le Selemo sa Qingke ka 2009. Sebokeng sa selemo le selemo, batho ba bang ba itse liindasteri tsohle Chaena li ka etsa chelete, ntle le li-semiconductor. Ke entse li-semiconductor bophelo bohle ba ka, 'me ka nako eo ke ile ka hlasimoloha.

"Li-circuits kapa li-chips tse kopantsoeng ke lijo tsa indasteri"

Ho phehella tshireletso le tikoloho e felletseng ya lehae ya ketane ya phepelo ya indasteri ya tlhahisoleseding ya elektroniki ya China ke tshebetso e boima butle-butle. Boemo ba pele e ne e le ntshetsopele e ikemetseng le tlhahiso ya di-chip, mme yaba tlhoko ya disebediswa tsa lapeng e a fumaneha. Empa dintlha di bontsha hore esita le disebediswa di ka etswa ka ho lekaneng. United States e dumella dikgwebo tsa tlhahiso ya di-wafer tsa China, mme bahlahisi ba bang ba disebediswa tsa China ba tlameha ho inehela ho United States. Sesosa sa mantlha se ntse se itshetlehile ka United States dikarolong tsa bohlokwa. Ha ho bapiswa le disebediswa, dikarolo ha di kgolo ho ya ka disebediswa, empa ehlile di tlwaelehile.

Ka la 23 Hlakola, kamora hore seqhenqha sa indasteri sa ho etsisa Texas Instrument (TI) se phatlalatse ho kgethwa ha Jiang Han jwalo ka motlatsi wa mopresidente wa Texas Instrument Company le Mopresidente wa China, motlatsi wa mopresidente wa mehleng wa Texas Instrument le Mofumahadi Hu Yuhua (Sandy Hu) e ile ya ba indasteri. Tsepamisa maikutlo, hobane 2020 ke selemo seo lekeno la rekoto la TI e leng lekeno la rekoto, Mofumahadi Hu Yuhua o ile a kgetha ho kgutlela morao mme a re o tla ipeha boipelaetso hape. A ka ipeha boipelaetso jwang?

Lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki le tsa motlakase, sensor e sebelisoa ho fumana lets'oao la pele la 'mele la lefats'e la kantle, ho kenyeletsoa molumo, setšoantšo, mocheso, mongobo, khatello le mabone, le ho fetola mats'oao ana a 'mele hore e be mats'oao a motlakase, mefuta e tloaelehileng ea motlakase/motlakase. Li-sensor tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa setso li fumana mats'oao a kantle feela 'me ha li na bokhoni ba ho bala le ho sebetsana le tsona. Ka ntlafatso ea theknoloji ea tlhahiso, boholo le litlhoko tsa litšenyehelo, li-sensor tsa MEMS tse thehiloeng ts'ebetsong ea Microelectronics System (MEMS) li ntse li tuma haholo. Ts'ebelisong e pharaletseng ea li-sensor, smartphone e tšoaneloa ke tlhokomelo e khethehileng. Hore na sensor ea setšoantšo sa CMOS (CIS) kapa moetsi oa chip ea ho lemoha ho ama/menoana o fumane menyetla e meholo ea nts'etsopele ho eona.

Indasteri ea semiconductor ea Chaena e bile e chesang haholo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke ka lebaka la tšehetso ea leano, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, ke ho belisoa ha tlhaho ha tlhoko ea 'maraka oa phepelo le tlhoko, e leng se potlakisitseng ho thunya ha li-semiconductor tsa malapeng masimong a fapaneng. Haufinyane tjena, Moprofesa Wei Shaojun, motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Microelectronics sa Tsinghua University le motlatsi oa modulasetulo oa Mokhatlo oa Indasteri ea Semiconductor oa Chaena, o fane ka puo Sebokeng sa Global CEO Double "Tsela e nepahetseng ke liphetoho tsa bophelo, mabapi le qeto ea maano tlas'a liphetoho tse kholo", a bontša hore nts'etsopele ea hajoale ea li-semiconductor e lokela ho khutlela monahanong o shebaneng le sehlahisoa, 'me e hlahlobe bocha likarolo tse hlano tse kholo tsa indasteri ea semiconductor: moralo, tlhahiso, liphutheloana le liteko, kopano le thepa. Re tlameha ho hlompha melao ea nts'etsopele ea indasteri, ho leka-lekanya mehloli, le ho leka-lekanya nts'etsopele. nts'etsopele ea setaele. Ho ya ka pono ya dihlahiswa tse sebediswang haholo tsa MCU tse nang le ditshipi tse le nngwe, ho na le palo e kgolo ya dihlopha tsa ntshetsopele le ditsamaiso tse tshehetsang Chaena ho tloha dihlahisweng tsa bareki tse mabapi le difouno tsa thekeng, disebediswa tse nyane tsa lapeng ho isa taolong ya dienjene tsa diindasteri, dielektronike tsa dikoloi, puisano e se nang mohala, Inthanete ya Dintho, esita le bohlale ba maiketsetso. Ka nako e ts'oanang, Chaena e boetse e na le lihlopha tse pharaletseng tsa bareki le maemo a ts'ebeliso. Ho latela lintlha tse boletsoeng ka holimo, melemo ea nts'etsopele ea likhomphutha tse nyenyane tsa li-chip tse le 'ngoe Chaena e totobetse haholoanyane, 'me likhoebo tse ngata tsa lehae tsa linaleli tsa li-chip tse le' ngoe le tsona li thehiloe! Leha mmaraka oa China o ntse o hola khafetsa, ho ntse ho na le lekhalo le leholo lipakeng tsa li-MCU tsa lapeng mabapi le sebopeho sa sehlahisoa, karolo ea 'maraka le tsoelopele ea theknoloji ha e bapisoa le lihlahisoa tsa mose ho maoatle. Ka 2020, ho lebeletsoe hore thekiso ea bahlahisi ba MCU ba malapeng e fihle ho li-yuan tse libilione tse 14.8, e leng karolo ea 55% ea 'maraka oohle oa China oa MCU. Hona jwale, bahlahisi ba MCU ba malapeng ba qothisana lehlokoa haholo-holo ka dikopo tse tlase tse kang tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, dikarete tse bohlale le metsi, dimithara tsa motlakase le khase, empa dibakeng tse nang le bokgoni bo boholo ba mmaraka le phaello e phahameng, jwalo ka taolo ya diindasteri, elektroniki ya dikoloi le mmaraka wa Inthanete ya Dintho, di ntse di laolwa ke di-MCU tsa dinaha tse ding. Monopoly ke bahlahisi! Maemo a tshebetso a MCU a Asia-Pacific Y2019 ke a latelang: Ho ya ka pono ya karolo ya mmaraka wa MCU wa lefatshe ka bophara ka 2020, di-MCU tsa 32-bit di tla ikarabella bakeng sa 62%, 16-bit 23%, le 4/8-bit 15%; ho ya ka pono ya mmaraka wa kopo ya MCU ya lehae, di-MCU tsa 8-bit di ntse di sebediswa e le karolo ya mmaraka. Morena, empa ka ntlafatso e tswelang pele ya dihlahiswa tsa terminal, tse tsamayang le tlhokeho e matla ya matla a khomphutha le tshebediso e tlase ya matla mehleng ya Inthanete ya Dintho, mme theko e tloaelehileng ya thekiso ya tse pedi e ntse e fokotsa lekhalo butle-butle, di-MCU tsa 32-bit ruri di tla tlisa kgolo e kgolo! Se latelang ke 'mapa oa motheo oa tlhahisoleseling le kabo ea lipalo-palo oa bahlahisi ba 30 ba MCU ba malapeng o hlophisitsoeng ke Electronic Engineering Album ka Phato 2020 Likhamphani tse thathamisitsoeng: 12, ho kenyeletsoa tse 2 tse thathamisitsoeng ho Boto e Ncha ea Boraro le makala a 3 a lik'hamphani tse thathamisitsoeng Ntlo-kholo: 10 Shanghai, 7 Shenzhen, 3 Beijing, 3 Zhuhai, 2 Suzhou, 1 ka 'ngoe Qingdao, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Chongqing le Anhui Wuhu Ho latela pono ea meralo ea kernel, meralo ea Arm e ntse e le eona e ka sehloohong, e ikarabellang ho feta 55%. Leha ho le jwalo, ka ho teba ha tshehetso ya leano le kgatelopele ya mmaraka, karolo ya RISC-V le yona e bontshitse mokgwa o nyolohang. Re bokelletse le ho hlophisa papiso ea bahlahisi ba bang ba tloaelehileng ba MCU ba malapeng. Ho tloha ho sena, re ka boela ra bona sebopeho sa nako e telele sa moetsi e mong le e mong indastering e fapaneng joalo ka lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, Inthanete ea Lintho, meralo ea motheo e mecha le lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi tse ipapisitseng le theknoloji ea tsona le melemo ea 'maraka. Ho tloha ka Mmesa 2013, Zhaoyi Innovation e ile ea qala MCU ea pele ea 32-bit e thehiloeng motheong oa Arm Cortex-M3 Chaena. Kamora lilemo tse ka bang 7 tsa nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele, Zhaoyi e na le mela e 24 e felletseng ea lihlahisoa lihlahisoa tsa MCU tse thehiloeng ho Arm core, tse nang le mehlala e fetang 300 ea boikhethelo, e nang le ts'ebetso e phahameng, ho tsamaellana pakeng tsa letoto le ts'epahalo ea indasteri. tshebetso le boiketlo ba ntshetsopele. Ho ya ka tlhahisoleseding ya semmuso, ho tloha ka Motsheanong 2017, thepa ya Zhaoyi ya 32-bit MCU e fetile diyuniti tse dimilione tse 100, mme ho tloha ka Phuptjane 2020, palo ena e fetile diyuniti tse dimilione tse 400. Ka Phato 2019, Zhaoyi e boetse e qadile MCU ya pele ya lefatshe e nang le merero e akaretsang e thehilweng hodima motheo wa RISC-V: letoto la GD32V. Sehlopha sa pele sa dihlahiswa tse ntjha se fana ka mehlala e 14, ho kenyeletswa mefuta e 4 ya diphutheloana ho kenyeletswa QFN36, LQFP48, LQFP64 le LQFP100. 'Me u boloke ka botlalo ho lumellana le lihlahisoa tse seng li ntse li le teng nts'etsopele ea software le ho paka li-pin. Tshebetso ya di-MCU tsa letoto la GD32V ka maqhubu a hodimo e ka fihla ho 153 DMIPS, mme teko ya CoreMark le yona e fihletse tshebetso e ntle ya dintlha tse 360. Ha ho bapisoa le GD32F103 le GD32 Cortex-M3 core, tshebetso e ntlafatswa ka 15%, mme tshebediso ya matla a fetofetohang e fokotsehile ka 50%. , tshebediso ya matla a sa lebelloang e fokotsehile ka 25%. Nakong e tlang, lihlahisoa tse latelang tsa 'maraka tsa GD32 MCU li tla ba le likarolo tse tharo: khokahanyo ea mohala, tšebeliso ea matla a tlase haholo le lihlahisoa tsa boemo ba likoloi. 无线连接 Y2020 ● IOT WiFi ● BT+BLES.x+WiFi多模 ● Sub 1GHz多模 ● UWB 超低功耗 Y2021 ● 电池供电设备 ● 侤电设备 ●可穿戴设备 汽车级品 Y2022 ● 汽车级产品认证 ● 车身控制系统 ● 辅助驾驶系 codes haholo-holo bakeng sa masimo a 4: 1) Tekanyo ea bophelo bo botle le lihlahisoa tsa bongaka; 2) Lihlahisoa tsa tšebelisano-'moho ea batho le khomphutha; 3) Tekanyo ea matšoao a motlakase, taolo ea matla le lihlahisoa tsa taolo; 4) Lihlahisoa tsa sensor ea lapeng tse bohlale. Chipsea e qalile ka ADC, e bile le seabo se seholo tšimong ea ADC ka lilemo tse 17, 'me e se e bokelletse lilemo tse 12 tšimong ea MCU. Boqapi ba eona ba mantlha nakong e tlang bo tla ntse bo shebane le sethala sa ADC+MCU se nang le di-dual, se fanang ka tshebediso e fapaneng ya matla a tlase, boholo bo bonyenyane, ho nepahala ho hoholo le ho nepahala ho hoholo bakeng sa Inthanete ya Dintho. Lihlahisoa tsa ketane ea matšoao tse sebetsang hantle! Smart Microelectronics Ho tloha ha e theoa ka Hlakubele 2011, Smart Microelectronics e phethile ka katleho moralo le papatso ea lihlahisoa tse makholo tsa MCU. Hajoale, Smart Microelectronics e na le dihlahiswa tsa MCU tse fanwang ka bongata tse thehilweng hodima di-core tsa ARM Cortex-M0 le Cortex-M3, ho kenyeletswa: Letoto la MM32F bakeng sa mmaraka o sebetsang hantle, letoto la MM32L bakeng sa tshebediso e tlase haholo ya matla le ditshebediso tsa tshireletso, letoto la MM32W le nang le mesebetsi e mengata ya kgokelo ya waelese, letoto la MM32SPIN bakeng sa ho kganna le ho laola enjene, le letoto la OTP MM32P, jj. Tlhoko ea 'maraka bakeng sa maemo a mangata a ts'ebeliso masimong a mangata le maemong a mangata. Ntle le ho ela hloko 'maraka oa setso oa lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tsa bareki, Smart Microelectronics e boetse e tsoela pele ho matlafatsa matsete a eona 'marakeng oa taolo ea likoloi. O ka sheba Motsamaisi oa Khoebo oa Smart Micro: Monghali. Huang Zhikai, ea ileng a kopanela Seminareng ea Theknoloji ea Likoloi ea Shenzhen ea bo15 ka 2020: http://news .ifeng.com/c/7ysBnANAD39, likarabo tse qaqileng tsa litaba tsa bohlokoa tse kang litharollo tse kholo tsa taolo ea likoloi le tšebeliso ea matla a likoloi. Chip ea Hangshun Chip ea Hangshun e thehiloe Shenzhen ka 2014. Software le hardware ea eona li lumellana ka botlalo le li-MCU tse tsoang kantle ho naha. E le e 'ngoe ea melemo ea eona e meholo, Hangshun e fana ka lihlahisoa tsa MCU tse theko e tlase tse ka kenang 'marakeng ka potlako. HK32F030M e sa tsoa qalisoa, e leng MCU ea 32-bit, e na le theko e ka tlase ho yuan e le 'ngoe bakeng sa basebelisi ba ho qetela, 'me qetellong e fumane e 'ngoe ea liphetoho tse thata ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa likhomphutha tsa 32-bit ho nkela li-MCU tsa 8-bit/16-bit tse mahareng ho isa ho tse phahameng! HK32F030M ha e theko e tlase feela, empa hape e na le maqhubu a mantlha a 48M, makhetlo a 100,000 a ho hlakola, jj. E ka sebelisoa haholo ho li-oximeter, li-motor, mabone a fene a siling, li-controller tsa sehatsetsi sa moea le lihlahisoa tse ling! Nakong e tlang, di-chip tsa Hangshun ha di na ho etsa boiteko feela lefapheng la di-MCU tse akaretsang, empa hape di tla tsepamisa maikutlo dibakeng tse kgolo tsa mmaraka tse kang meralo ya motheo e metjha ya naha le data e kgolo ya 5G bakeng sa Inthanete ya Dintho, jj., mme di tla qala dihlahiswa tse ntjha ka tatellano masimong a maemo a hodimo le a inehetseng a SOC. BYD Semiconductor BYD Semiconductor Co., Ltd., eo pele e neng e tsejoa e le Shenzhen BYD Microelectronics Co., Ltd., e thehiloe ka 2004. Hona jwale, kgwebo e kgolo ya BYD Semiconductor e akaretsa R&D, tlhahiso le thekiso ya di-semiconductor tsa motlakase, di-IC tsa taolo tse bohlale, di-sensor tse bohlale le di-semiconductor tsa optoelectronic. BYD Semiconductor e lumela hore li-chip tsa MCU, e le motheo oa k'homphieutha ea ka hare le ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsa elektroniki tsa likoloi, ke senotlolo sa nts'etsopele e tebileng ea likoloi ho tloha ho kenngoeng ha motlakase ho ea ho bohlale. Ka lebaka la pula ea eona indastering ea likoloi, BYD Semiconductor e kene lefapheng la MCU ka 2007. Ho tloha ho li-MCU tsa maemo a indasteri, e ile ea khomarela tsela e habeli ea ts'ebetso le ts'epo, 'me joale e na le li-chip tsa MCU tsa maemo a akaretsang tsa maemo a indasteri, li-chip tsa MCU tsa maemo a mararo ho a le mong tsa maemo a indasteri, le li-chip tsa MCU tsa maemo a likoloi. Chip ea MCU ea 8-bit ea sehlopha sa taolo, chip ea MCU ea 32-bit ea sehlopha sa likoloi le chip ea MCU ea tsamaiso ea betri le lihlahisoa tse ling. Ho fihlela jwale, di-MCU tsa BYD Semiconductor tsa maemo a dikoloi di fetile dimilione tse 5, mme palo e akaretsang ya di-MCU e feta dimilione tse dibilione tse 2, e leng se etsang hore ho be le katleho e kgolo mmarakeng wa di-MCU tsa lapeng. Chaena ke naha e kgolo ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng ya tlhahiso le thekiso ya dikoloi, mme hape e na le mmaraka o moholo ka ho fetisisa lefatsheng wa MCU ya dikoloi. Hona jwale, ho sebediswa di-MCU tse ka bang 100 ka koloing e tloaelehileng. Ho ea ka khakanyo ena, kakaretso ea 'maraka oa likoloi oa MCU oa naha ea heso ke hoo e ka bang limilione tse likete tse 2, 'me boholo ba' maraka bo fihla ho li-yuan tse libilione tse mashome. Ho phahama ha mekhoa e mecha e mene ea ho ntlafatsa likoloi (ho kenya motlakase, bohlale, marang-rang le ho arolelana) ho tla eketsa tlhoko ea li-MCU. Ho phaella ho matla a felletseng a ho lekanya theko, ts'ebetso ea sehlahisoa, lits'ebeletso tsa tekheniki, le karabelo ea thepa le lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha, mohlophisi o lumela hore li-semiconductor tsa lapeng li hloka ho tsoela pele ho matlafatsa kaho le litaba tsa tikoloho. Ha re nka STM32 e le mohlala, ST e fana ka tikoloho e felletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tsa hardware le software bakeng sa letoto le leng le le leng la lihlahisoa, 'me e haha ​​​​ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele e se nang sekoli ka sethala sa nts'etsopele sa sebaka se le seng ho tloha ho tlhophiso, nts'etsopele, mananeo ho isa ho ho latela, bona setšoantšo se ka tlase. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ST e boetse e lema palo e kholo ea lihlopha tsa basebelisi ba nang le bokhoni ka thuso ea lisebelisoa tse ngata tse kang Lenaneo la Univesithi ea Chaena, li-platform tsa marang-rang tse kang websaeteng ea molao / micro official, le koetliso ea inthaneteng. Ho phaella moo, ST e boetse e nolofatsa boqapi ba balekane ka lenaneo la balekane, e leng se nolofalletsang bareki ho fumana mehlodi e mengata ea nts'etsopele. Chuangxin Workshop ke e mong oa balekane ba tikoloho, e fanang ka encryption ea firmware le lihlahisoa le lits'ebeletso tse sireletsehileng tsa ho chesa bakeng sa bohle. Balekane ba mokga wa boraro ha ba fane feela ka mehlodi ya di-hardware tse kang diboto tsa ntshetsopele ya di-hardware, di-debugger, le di-burner, empa hape ba fana ka ditshebeletso tsa firmware ya lenaneo (ho patala firmware, ho tjhesa tshireletso ya firmware, ho tjhesa firmware lerung, jj.) ho hl ... "Tsela e nepahetseng lefatšeng ke liphetoho tsa bophelo" e tsoa ho "Melao e Supileng - Lebotho la Tokoloho la Batho le Occupies Nanjing" e ngotsoeng ke Mao Zedong ka 1949. O ne a thabile ha a utloa litaba tse monate tsa hore Sesole sa Tokoloho ea Batho se hapile Nanjing ka la 23 Mmesa Ntlong ea Shuangqing e Xiangshan, Peiping, 'me a ngola thothokiso ena. Mongolo oa pele ke o latelang: Moea le pula Zhongshan li ile tsa fetoha mosehla, 'me bahale ba limilione ba tšela noka. Nkoe le drakone li betere ho feta tsa khale, 'me lefatše le khelohile ebile le seatla se bulehileng. Ho eletsoa ho sebelisa sebete se setseng ho lelekisa linokoane tse futsanehileng, le hore u se ke ua bitsoa mohlokomeli oa thuto. Haeba leholimo le le leratong, leholimo le lona le tsofetse, 'me tsela e nepahetseng lefatšeng ke liphetoho. Lintho li ntse li tsoela pele, li ntlafatsoa ebile lia fetoha, ona ke molao o ke keng oa qojoa! Chaena e lutse 'marakeng o moholo ka ho fetisisa oa bareki lefatšeng, e na le melemo ea ts'ebeliso ea 'maraka oa tlhaho, 'me e na le litsebi tse hloahloa tsa indasteri. Ho latela sena, indasteri ea MCU ea lehae e ntse e hloka leeto le lelelele leo e lokelang ho le tsamaea. Ha ea lokela ho potlakisoa, 'me ha ea lokela ho nahana ka likhutlo ka bofofu. Ho feta le ho nka mekhoa e mekhutšoanyane, o tlameha ho nka "tsela e nepahetseng", 'me u tla fumana sephetho se nepahetseng! Hlokomela: Sengoloa sena se nkiloe hape ho tsoa Inthaneteng ho tšehetsa ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa thepa ea kelello. Ka kopo bontša mohloli oa pele le mongoli oa khatiso e ncha. Haeba ho na le tlōlo efe kapa efe ea molao, ka kopo ikopanye le rona ho e hlakola.