Lesi sihloko sethula izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili ezahlukene zama-diode, okuhlanganisa i-Zener diode, i-Schottky diode, i-ESD, i-TVS kanye ne-Switching diode, njll.

I-SOT-23 iyiphakeji elivame kakhulu nelisetshenziswa kabanzi phezu kwe-surface-mount semiconductor, elungele ikakhulukazi ama-transistors anamandla aphansi (okubandakanya ama-MOSFET, ama-BJT), ama-diode, namasekethe ahlanganisiwe.

Wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani isikrini se-laptop yakho sivala uma uvala isivalo? Noma kungani isikrini se-smartphone yakho sizungeza uma usipheqa? Noma ingabe injini yemoto kagesi ingalawula kanjani isivinini sayo ngokunembe kangaka? Lezi zenzakalo zonke zincike emsebenzini weqhawe elingaculwa—inzwa yaseHholo.

Lapho utshuza emhlabeni wezinto zikagesi, izinhlobo ezimbili zezingxenye ovame ukuhlangana nazo ama-MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) kanye nama-transistors avamile. Lezi zingxenye zombili zibalulekile ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi, kodwa zisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi zifeza izinhloso ezahlukene. Ake sihlole umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwabo.

Ukubuka Konke Kwesihloko Kulesi sihloko, uSlkor uhlola umugqa othule (i-IQ) womthetho wokushintsha we-DC-DC

?Isihlelamsindo esisebenzayo (esifushaniswe ngokuthi i-op-amp) siyimodi ehlanganisiwe ehlangene, ehlukanisayo, ngokuvamile ephumayo eyodwa ene-high-gain voltage amplifier. Ingakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla okukhiphayo (okuhlobene nomhlabathi) amakhulu ngezinkulungwane zezikhathi ezinkulu kunomehluko ongaba khona kokokufaka. Yathola igama layo ngoba ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi kumasekethe ekhompiyutha e-analog njengokuhlanganisa nokukhipha.

Izimo ze-Thyristor conduction: Okokuqala, i-voltage eya phambili kufanele isetshenziswe phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ye-thyristor; okwesibili, i-voltage eya phambili kufanele futhi isetshenziswe esangweni.

?I-data converter iyithuluzi, idivayisi, kanye nengxenye ye-electronic. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuguqula ezinye izinhlobo zezimpawu zamandla kagesi zibe olunye uhlobo, futhi ingaguqula uhlobo olulodwa lwesignali yesici samandla kagesi lube olunye. Ukuguqulwa kwedatha kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuguqulwa kwesignali yamandla kagesi kanye nokuguqulwa kwesignali yesici samandla kagesi. Okulandelayo isingeniso esiningiliziwe se-AMEYA360 Electronic Component Purchasing Network: isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa yeziguquli zedatha.

Umphumela weHholo ubangelwa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkambu zikagesi nezizibuthe ezihambisanayo zezinhlayiya ezishajiwe (njengama-electron). Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okucacile futhi okunembile, ungabhekisela kumdwebo wopopayi wesimiso somphumela weHholo ngezansi.

Ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic (ESD) kuyinto lapho ishaja eqongelelwe ebusweni bento ikhishwa ngokushesha, njengokuthi "ukushaqeka kukagesi" lapho umuntu ethinta idivayisi kagesi. I-voltage ekhishwa ngokushesha ingafinyelela izinkulungwane zama-volt noma ngaphezulu, okubangela umonakalo ohlala njalo kuma-semiconductor chips. Isibonelo, lapho umunwe oshajwe nge-static uthinta isikhombimsebenzisi sefoni, i-ESD current ingase iphule i-gate oxide ngaphakathi kwe-chip ngokusebenzisa isekethe, okuholela ekwehlulekeni kwedivayisi.

Lesi sihloko sihlola isimiso sokusebenza sama-TVS diode kanye nobubanzi bawo bezinhlelo zokusebenza emikhakheni efana nokuvikelwa kwe-overvoltage, ukuvikelwa kwe-ESD, nokuvikelwa kombani, okuveza inani lawo elibalulekile njengezingxenye eziyinhloko zokuvikela isifunda.

Umshini wokufaka ama-chip uyithuluzi elikhethekile elisetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwe-semiconductor ukuze ukhethe ngokukhetha izinto ezibonakalayo kumawafa e-silicon. Le nqubo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-etching, idala amaphethini esekethe ayinkimbinkimbi abalulekile kuma-electronics wesimanje. Ukunemba komshini wokufaka ama-chip kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zihlangabezana nezicaciso zedizayini eziqondile, okuwenza ubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amadivayisi afana nama-smartphone namakhompyutha. Ngokungafani nezindlela zemishini zendabuko, imishini ethuthukisiwe isebenzisa i-plasma noma ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokunemba kwe-nanoscale. Isibonelo, izinkampani ezifana ne-Applied Materials kanye ne-Lam Research ziphethe lo mkhakha, zinikeza amasistimu ahlanganisa i-automation ukuze uthole ukuphuma okuphezulu. Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinqubo ze-semiconductor ku-Semiconductor Industry Association.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuvela kwe-Arduino kusukela kungxenyekazi yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezivulekile kuya kusistimu yemvelo enwetshiwe, igqamisa umthelela wayo ojulile ezizindeni eziningi.

Inkampani yokuklama ama-chip igxile ekwakheni amapulani esekethe edidiyelwe (IC) asetshenziswa kumadivayisi asukela kuma-smartphones kuya kumasistimu e-AI. Lezi zinkampani ziguqula imiklamo yomqondo ibe yizakhiwo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza, amathuluzi asebenzayo afana ne-electronic design automation (EDA). Ngokungafani nama-semiconductor foundries, izinkampani zokuklama ama-chip zigxila kuphela ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha, ezivumela abathengi bemikhiqizo kagesi ukuthi bakhiphe i-R&D eyinkimbinkimbi. Emaqenjini okuthengwa kwempahla, ukusebenzisana namafemu anjalo kuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ngaphandle kokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwangaphambili kungqalasizinda yokuklama.

I-wafer foundry iyindawo ekhethekile eyenza ama-silicon wafers, ingxenye eyisisekelo yama-semiconductors. Lezi zinsiza zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amasekethe ahlanganisiwe (ama-IC) asetshenziswa kumadivayisi afana nama-smartphones, ama-laptops, namagajethi e-IoT. Ngokungafani nabakhiqizi bamadivayisi ahlanganisiwe (ama-IDM), ama-wafer foundries agxila kuphela ekwenziweni, okuvumela ukukala okungabizi kakhulu kwezinkampani zama-electronics abathengi. Inqubo ibandakanya i-photolithography, i-etching, kanye ne-doping ukudala amasekhethi ayinkimbinkimbi kuma-silicon substrates. Emaqenjini okuthenga, ukuqonda lesi sinyathelo sochungechunge lokunikezela kuqinisekisa izingxoxo ezingcono zabathengisi nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi.

I-Semiconductor Assembly and Testing Facility, noma indawo yokuhlanganisa kanye nokuhlola i-semiconductor, idlala indima ebalulekile ku-ecosystem yokukhiqiza ugesi. Lezi zikhungo zisebenza ngokukhethekile ezigabeni zokugcina zokukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor, okuhlanganisa ukupakisha amasekhethi ahlanganisiwe (ICs) nokuhlola ukusebenza kwawo ngokuqinile. Emaqenjini okuthenga nawokunjiniyela kuma-elekthronikhi wabathengi, ukuqonda amandla e-Semiconductor Assembly kanye Nendawo Yokuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka nokuthembeka komkhiqizo.

Ukuqonda Iziguquli ze-Analog-to-Digital (ADCs) kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza komkhiqizo kuma-electronics omthengi. Ngokubeka phambili amapharamitha afana nokulungiswa nokusebenza kahle kwamandla, amaqembu okuthenga nawokunjiniyela angakhetha ama-ADC ahambisana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe nesabelomali. Ukuze uthole imininingwane ejulile, hlola izinsiza ezivela ku-IEEE, umholi kumazinga wobunjiniyela be-elekthronikhi.

Zitholele yonke into nge-PCB, okuhlanganisa umlando wayo, izici, imingcele, izindima, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nabakhiqizi abaholayo. Ukufundwa okubalulekile kwamaqembu okuthenga kanye nobunjiniyela kuma-electronics omthengi.

Kulesi sihloko, siqhathanisa izikhulisamazwi zamanje nama-amplifiers ahlukene, sihlaziya izakhiwo zazo, izici zokusebenza, kanye nokwehluka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Izinzuzo zama-amplifiers zamanje ku-bandwidth, isilinganiso sokwenqatshwa kwemodi evamile (CMRR), kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamafrikhwensi aphezulu ziyagqanyiswa.

I-Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) inqubo yokukhweza izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ebhodini lesekethe eliphrintiwe (PCB) ukuze kwakhiwe amadivaysi kagesi asebenzayo. Lesi sigaba esibalulekile sihlanganisa ukuklama nokukhiqiza, siguqule amabhodi angenalutho abe amasistimu anika amandla izinto zesimanje zabathengi. Emaqenjini okuthengwa kwempahla nawobunjiniyela, ukuqonda i-PCBA kuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezimali okungabizi kakhulu nokusebenza komkhiqizo okuthembekile. Inqubo ibandakanya izinto zokudambisa ezifana nezimelayo, ama-capacitor, nama-ICs kuma-PCB kusetshenziswa amasu afana nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu be-surface-mount (SMT) noma ukuhlanganisa imbobo.